<p>Lake Seminole is a reservoir located in the southwest corner of Georgia along its border with Florida, maintained by the USA Army Corps of Engineers. The Chattahoochee and Flint rivers join in the lake, before flowing from the Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam, which impounds the lake, as the Apalachicola River. The lake contains 37,500 acre of water, and has a shoreline of 376 mi. The fish in Lake Seminole include largemouth bass, crappie, chain pickerel, catfish, striped bass and other species. American alligators, snakes and various waterfowl are also present in the lake, which is known for its goose hunting.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Authorised by the United States Congress in the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1946 as the Jim Woodruff Lock and Dam Project, construction began the following year. With the dam completed in 1952, in 1957 the lake was opened. but when completed had required $46.5 million USD.</p><br>
<p>In 2000 a Tallahassee man, Michael Williams, apparently drowned during a duck-hunting accident on the Jackson County side of the lake. However, his body was never found after a 44-day search, the only time a body has never been recovered after a drowning on the lake. Searchers assumed it had been eaten by alligators, but several years later learned that alligators do not feed in winter. Other oddities with the incident convinced them to suspect foul play; the case remains under investigation.</p><br>
<h2>Jim Woodruff Dam</h2><br>
<p>The Jim Woodruff Dam, located about 1,000 ft south of the original confluence of the Chattahoochee River, Flint River and Spring Creek to form the Apalachicola River and with a spillway 2,224 ft wide, is a hydroelectric and navigational dam named in honor of James W. Woodruff, Sr., a Georgia businessman who spearheaded the development of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint Project.</p><br>
<p>The dam crosses the state line between Georgia and Florida, with the eastern end of the dam being located in Georgia.</p><br>
<h2>Navigation</h2><br>
<p>The Jim Woodruff Dam has a single lock, 450 ft in length and 82 ft wide,</p><br>
<h2>Parks</h2><br>
<p>The USA Army Corps of Engineers maintains 10 parks along the shore of the lake, with 35 parks in total available for recreation, including five campgrounds. Seminole State Park covers 604 acre of lakeshore in Georgia, while Three Rivers State Park covers 686 acre of wetland north of Sneads, Florida.</p><br>
<h2>San Carlos de los Chacatos</h2><br>
<p>The West Bank Overlook at the western end of the dam is the location of the Spanish mission San Carlos de los Chacatos, established in 1674 following a revolt by the Chacato. Used by both Marcos Delgado and Don Laureano de Torres y Ayala on their expeditions, the mission was attacked by Alibamu warriors in 1696, then later by British forces led by Colonel James Moore during Queen Anne&#39;s War and abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Resettled during the Creek War in 1813 by Uchee refugees, the site was abandoned again in 1818 during the First Seminole War, and was not rediscovered until 1948 during archaeological work by the Florida Park Service supporting the construction of Lake Seminole.</p><br>
<p>Gardiners Creek, originally known as Kooyongkoot Creek, is a waterway in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne, and part of the Yarra River catchment.</p><br>
<p>In a few sparse locations remnant riparian bushland survives, however the majority of its length has been heavily urbanised, and the creek has been degraded in much the same way as other Melbourne eastern suburban waterways such as the Mullum Mullum Creek and Koonung Creek. The Gardiners Creek Trail follows the creek for most of its length.</p><br>
<h2>Naming</h2><br>
<p>The creek&#39;s original name was Kooyongkoot, from the Woiwurrung language of the indigenous Australian Wurundjeri-Baluk group,</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Course</h3><br>
<p>Gardiners Creek is over 30 km in length.</p><br>
<p>The creek originates in the suburb of Blackburn, where many small creeks and gullies converge around Blackburn Lake. It then flows southwest through Box Hill South, Burwood, and Ashwood. Approximately at its junction with Scotchmans Creek in Malvern East it turns northwest, then continues through Ashburton, Glen Iris, Malvern, and Kooyong, before finally flowing into the Yarra River in Hawthorn.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>Unnamed watercourse through Blackburn/Forest Hill</p><br>
<p>Unnamed watercourse through Wurundjeri Wetlands</p><br>
<p>Damper Creek</p><br>
<p>Unnamed watercourse through Ashwood/Mount Waverley</p><br>
<p>Scotchmans Creek</p><br>
<p>Back Creek</p><br>
<h3>Parklands</h3><br>
<p>Upstream to downstream:</p><br>
<p>Blackburn Lake Sanctuary (Blackburn)</p><br>
<p>Blackburn Creeklands Reserve (Blackburn)</p><br>
<p>Furness Park (Blackburn)</p><br>
<p>Kalang Park (Blackburn)</p><br>
<p>Blacks Walk (Blackburn)</p><br>
<p>R.H.L. Sparks Reserve (creek piped underground) (Box Hill)</p><br>
<p>Wembley Park (Box Hill South)</p><br>
<p>Box Hill Golf Club (Box Hill South)</p><br>
<p>Gardiners Creek Reserve (Burwood)</p><br>
<p>Local History Park (Burwood)</p><br>
<p>Gardiners Reserve (Burwood)</p><br>
<p>Ashwood Reserve (Ashwood)</p><br>
<p>Markham Reserve (Ashburton)</p><br>
<p>Malvern Valley Public Golf Course (Malvern East)</p><br>
<p>Darling Park (Malvern East)</p><br>
<p>Dorothy Laver Reserve (Glen Iris)</p><br>
<p>Dorothy Laver Reserve West (Glen Iris)</p><br>
<p>Glen Iris Wetlands (Glen Iris)</p><br>
<p>Glen Iris Park (Glen Iris)</p><br>
<p>Muswell Bend Park (Glen Iris)</p><br>
<p>Glenburn Bend Park (Glen Iris)</p><br>
<p>Nettleton Park Reserve (Glen Iris)</p><br>
<p>Kyarra Park (separated since freeway construction) (Glen Iris)</p><br>
<p>Howard Dawson Reserve (Glen Iris)</p><br>
<p>Burke Road South Reserve (Glen Iris)</p><br>
<p>Gardiner Park (separated since freeway construction) (Gardiner)</p><br>
<p>Tooronga Park (separated since freeway construction) (Malvern)</p><br>
<p>Patterson Reserve (Hawthorn)</p><br>
<p>H.A. Smith Reserve (separated since freeway construction) (Hawthorn)</p><br>
<p>Kooyong Park (Kooyong)</p><br>
<p>Kooyong Stadium (Kooyong)</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The Gardiners Creek Trail, a shared use cycling and pedestrian track, follows the general course of Gardiners Creek from Box Hill&#39;s boundary with Blackburn to the Yarra River, where a bridge over the river links it to the Main Yarra Trail.</p><br>
<p>The Monash Freeway/CityLink follow the Gardiners Creek valley from Malvern East to the Yarra River.</p><br>
<h3>Crossings</h3><br>
<p>Upstream to downstream:</p><br>
<p>Central Road</p><br>
<p>Lake Road and Weir (Blackburn Lake)</p><br>
<p>Jeffery Street</p><br>
<p>Blackburn Road</p><br>
<p>Main Street</p><br>
<p>Blackburn Creeklands Footbridges</p><br>
<p>Pakenham Street</p><br>
<p>Middleborough Road</p><br>
<p>Canterbury Road</p><br>
<p>Station Street</p><br>
<p>Burwood Highway</p><br>
<p>Highbury Road</p><br>
<p>High Street Road</p><br>
<p>Warrigal Road</p><br>
<p>Winton Road</p><br>
<p>Darling Park Footbridge</p><br>
<p>Dunlop Street</p><br>
<p>Glen Iris Park Footbridge</p><br>
<p>High Street</p><br>
<p>Nettleton Park Footbridge</p><br>
<p>Great Valley Road</p><br>
<p>Burke Road</p><br>
<p>Tooronga Road</p><br>
<p>Toorak Road</p><br>
<p>Monash Freeway/CityLink</p><br>
<p>Glenferrie Road</p><br>
<p>Chiques Creek  is a 31.6 mi tributary of the Susquehanna River in Lebanon and Lancaster counties, Pennsylvania in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The source is at an elevation of 1,100 ft near Mount Gretna Heights in Lebanon County. The mouth is the confluence with the Susquehanna River at an elevation of 230 ft at Marietta in Lancaster County.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name of the creek (Chiquesalunga) comes from the Susquehannock or Conestoga Indian term Kaotschiera, which means "Place-crayfish." The surrounding area, including Chiques Creek and the large rock wall or promontory that overlooks the Susquehanna River (called "Chickies Rock" at Chickies Rock County Park), between modern Marietta and Columbia, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, was called Kaotschiera by the native people (or, to the English, "Chiquesalunga"). The word "Conestoga" comes from the native term Ganochsagojatga, which means "roof." As such, it was their word for "town." The Lenapi would later call the area Schahamuis&#39;ing or "Crawfish-place."</p><br>
<p>The United States Geological Survey Board on Geographic Names has made three official decisions on the name of the creek, deciding it was Chickies Creek in 1896 and 1916 before changing it to Chiques Creek in 2002. The USGS Geographic Names Information System recognizes the following thirteen variant names for the creek: Big Chickies Creek, Big Chiques Creek, Big Chiquesalunga Creek, Chickesalapga Creek, Chickeswalungo Creek, Chickies Creek, Chickisalungo Creek, Chicques Creek, Chikiswalunga Creek, Chikiswalungo Creek, Chiquasatunga Creek, Chiquesatonga Creek, and Chiquesatunga Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Course and watershed</h2><br>
<p>Chiques Creek flows generally south for its entire course. The Chickies Creek watershed has a total area of 126 square miles and is part of the larger Chesapeake Bay drainage basin. Chiques Creek&#39;s major tributary is Little Chiques Creek, entering roughly one mile upstream its mouth. (hence the variant names with Big in them for the main creek).</p><br>
<h2>Covered bridges</h2><br>
<p>Five covered bridges cross the creek in Lancaster County:</p><br>
<p>Shearer&#39;s Covered Bridge</p><br>
<p>Kauffman&#39;s Distillery Covered Bridge</p><br>
<p>Schenck&#39;s Mill Covered Bridge</p><br>
<p>Siegrist&#39;s Mill Covered Bridge</p><br>
<p>Forry&#39;s Mill Covered Bridge</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Donegal Creek</p><br>
<p>Little Chiques Creek</p><br>
<p>Dellinger Run</p><br>
<p>Hife Run</p><br>
<p>Boyers Run</p><br>
<p>Shearers Creek</p><br>
<p>Cocalico Creek is a 27.2 mi tributary of the Conestoga River in Lebanon and Lancaster counties in Pennsylvania in the United States. The source is at an elevation of 1,320 ft near Stricklerstown in Millcreek Township, Lebanon County. The mouth is the confluence with the Conestoga River at an elevation of 278 ft at Talmage in West Earl Township, Lancaster County.</p><br>
<p>The name of the creek comes from the Lenape, meaning "snake dens". It comes from the Lenape word Gookcalicunk (pronounced "Gook Cal-eek Unk) which means “Snake Sleep Place” in English. The Lenape considered modern East Cocalico, West Cocalico, Clay, Warwick, Elizabeth, and Penn townships, Lancaster County, Mill Creek Township, Lebanon County, and the Middle Creek Wildlife Management Area as part of Gookcalicunk.</p><br>
<p>Cocalico Creek flows south for 10 mi, then southwest 16 mi. The Cocalico Creek watershed has a total area of 140 square miles and is part of the larger Chesapeake Bay drainage basin via the Susquehanna River.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Hammer Creek</p><br>
<p>Middle Creek</p><br>
<p>Meadow Run</p><br>
<p>Indian Run</p><br>
<p>Cooper Run</p><br>
<p>Stony Run</p><br>
<p>Little Cocalico Creek</p><br>
<p>South Mountain is a colloquial name applied to features in the mountain range extending south and southwest from the Lehigh Valley to the Lebanon Valley regions of Pennsylvania. At times, it also been known as Texter Mountain, Durham Hills, Reading Hills, and the Lehigh Mountains. It is called the Reading Prong by geologists.</p><br>
<p>The name South Mountain is applied to the southernmost cluster of peaks in the feature, straddling Berks, Lancaster, and Lebanon counties; and also to the northernmost end of the feature as the ridge into which Lehigh University is built.</p><br>
<p>South Mountain borders Emmaus, just to the south of Allentown, and comprises a ridge of low mountains passing east of Reading and then extending nearly due west. It is a continuation of the New England Province and is the southern end of the Hudson Highlands.</p><br>
<p>The ridge does not follow a straight line like Blue Mountain, located to the north.</p><br>
<p>South Mountain ranges in elevation between 500 and 1,300 feet above sea level. The ridge is made of metamorphic rocks and gneiss, which date to the Precambrian era and range from about 570 to 1,600 million years old.</p><br>
<p>South Mountain is largely undeveloped in its northern extension due to conservation efforts and its steep slope. This makes it a beautiful backdrop to the viewpoints of the Lehigh Valley, including, at night, the city lights of Allentown. The southern end of this feature extends west along USA Route 422 and the southeastern border of Berks County, providing views of Blue Mountain (to the north), Mount Penn (which comprises part of the prong), and the city of Reading, to the east. The southernmost peaks were at one time home to many exclusive sanitariums and resorts, now all defunct except for the Caron Foundation. South Mountain serves as the transmitter site for local radio and television stations; independent TV station WFMZ-TV 69 has both its transmitter and studio facilities based on the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Low Pike is a small fell in the English Lake District. It has a modest height of 508 m  and is situated three kilometres north of Ambleside. Low Pike is well seen from the streets of the town as the first prominent fell on the ridge which continues northwards for a further four kilometres to Fairfield. This ridge is part of the Fairfield horseshoe walk and Low Pike is most commonly ascended as part of this.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Despite its modest height, Alfred Wainwright gave Low Pike a separate chapter in his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells because "it is sufficiently elevated above the deep valleys of Scandale and Rydale to give an impression of loftiness which exaggerates its modest altitude." Bill Birkett also mentions the fell in his “Complete Lakeland Fells”, but its altitude is not sufficient to be noted on any other mountain lists.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The crest of the ridge consists of the dacitic welded lapilli-tuff of the Lincomb Tarns Formation. Andesite sills surround this.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The direct ascent from Ambleside is straightforward. A signpost points to Low Sweden Bridge from the centre of Ambleside; after reaching the bridge and crossing the Scandale Beck a high dry-stone wall is followed for two kilometres along the spine of the ridge to reach the summit. A visit to High Sweden Bridge may be incorporated at the start of this walk; it is a typical Cumbrian Packhorse bridge. It has no direct Scandinavian connection except that its name comes from the Norse word ‘svithinn’ which means “land cleared by burning”. Most walkers who climb Low Pike continue to the adjoining fells of the Fairfield Horseshoe–High Pike, Dove Crag, Hart Crag, Fairfield, Great Rigg and Heron Pike–before returning to Ambleside.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The top of the fell is a small rocky peak which requires a bit of scrambling; the stone wall goes directly over the peak giving no room for a cairn of any size. The view is restricted by surrounding higher fells but the Langdale and Coniston fells show well over the low ground at the head of Windermere; there is also a good aerial view of Ambleside and the head of Windermere lake.</p><br>
<p>Woodhead reservoir is a man-made lake near the hamlet of Woodhead in Longdendale in north Derbyshire. It was constructed by John Frederick Bateman between 1847 and June 1877 as part of the Longdendale chain to supply water from the River Etherow to the urban areas of Greater Manchester. It is at the top of the chain of reservoirs and was the first to be started, though, due to construction problems, it was the last to be completed.</p><br>
<h2>Act of Parliament</h2><br>
<p>The Manchester Corporation Waterworks Act 1847 gave permission for the construction of the Woodhead and Arnfield reservoirs and the aqueduct of the Mottram Tunnel. The Manchester Corporation Waterworks Act 1848 allowed the construction of Torside and Rhodeswood Reservoir, and an aqueduct to convey the water from Rhodeswood to the Arnfield reservoir. These acts were important, as mill owners relied for their livings on water to power their mills and any potential reduction of supply was opposed. The acts guaranteed a flow of 121 million gallons a week.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The construction of the Woodhead Embankment was ambitious and fraught with difficulties. The embankment was to be about 90 ft in height; it was sealed to the underlying impermeable rock by a central impermeable clay puddle core or curtain. This was supported on each side by selected strong earth material, and then gravel to form a slope of 1 in 1 upstream and 1 in 2 downstream. The upstream would be pitched, and faced in stone. The turnpike would pass over the crest. Drinking water would be extracted by means of a tunnel from several metres below the water level, while when full, excess water would pass over the overspill or waste weir.</p><br>
<h3>The first embankment</h3><br>
<p>Work started in 1848. The Heyden Viaduct, now known as the Woodhead Bridge, was completed in 1851, and turned over to the Salters Brook turnpike road that year. The Woodhead embankment was 20 ft from completion. Discharge valves had been supplied by Messrs Armstrong and Co, of Newcastle upon Tyne. There was some leakage but on 10 May 1854 the Woodhead Reservoir was declared complete, with the exception of remedying the leak.</p><br>
<p>To stop the leak, borings had been made, and ash injected under pressure in the hope it would act as a sealant. In 1858, it was concluded that this would not work; the Etherow valley was on multiple fissures relating to a fault that was causing movement in the soft beds of shale underlying the harder rock beneath the valley. This was the cause of the landslides at Rhodeswood, and the continual problems at Woodhead.</p><br>
<h3>The second embankment</h3><br>
<p>In 1862 a second embankment downstream of the first embankment was proposed. This took advantage of a continuous length of shale suitable for a seal. The space between the two embankments was infilled. The new puddle trench was sunk 160 ft beneath the height of the first embankment, 60 ft below the old riverbed, in the main through solid rock. It was filled with concrete as clay could not withstand a water head of 160 feet. The reservoir was filled in 1877.</p><br>
<h2>Safety measures</h2><br>
<p>It was stated in a statutory report, under the Reservoir Safety Act 1975, dated 12 June, that all five reservoirs could be over-topped during a Probable Maximum Flood. Woodhead as the fountainhead had the most extensive improvements, relieving the pressure on the other reservoirs. The work took place between 1989 and 1992 at a cost of £3m.</p><br>
<p>The storage level of the reservoir remained the same but the embankment crest was raised by 6.7 m, which meant replacing the B6105 road at a higher level and on a new course. An impervious clay membrane was laid in the upstream face to provide continuity with the 1877 embankment. This was protected with concrete matting faced in stone. The length of the overflow sill was reduced and a new concrete box section installed to throttle the flow, which was directed into the Etherow Pool. A replacement 1,400 mm diameter guard valve was installed.</p><br>
<p>Torside Reservoir is the largest man-made lake in Longdendale in north Derbyshire. It was constructed by John Frederick Bateman between April 1849 and July 1864 as part of the Longdendale chain to supply water from the River Etherow to the urban areas of Greater Manchester.</p><br>
<p>The Manchester Corporation Waterworks Act 1847 gave permission for the construction of the Woodhead and Arnfield reservoirs; the Manchester Corporation Waterworks Act 1848 allowed the construction of Torside and Rhodeswood Reservoir, and an aqueduct to convey the water to the Arnfield reservoir where it would pass through the Mottram Tunnel to Godley.</p><br>
<p>It was stated in a statutory report, under the Reservoir Safety Act 1975, dated 12 June, that all five reservoirs could be overtopped during a Probable Maximum Flood. Woodhead, as the fountainhead, would require the most extensive improvements, but Torside needed crest remedial work. The wave wall was demolished and replaced with one 4.04 metres above the overflow sill. The claycore was extended to 1.34 metres above overflow sill and the road level was raised to 3.29m. The work took place between 1993 and 1994.</p><br>
<p>Rhodeswood Reservoir is a man-made lake in Longdendale in north Derbyshire. It was constructed by John Frederick Bateman between 1849 and June 1855 as part of the Longdendale chain to supply water from the River Etherow to the urban areas of Greater Manchester. It is third in the chain, and it is from here that the water is extracted to pass through the Mottram Tunnel to Godley for Manchester.</p><br>
<p>The Manchester Corporation Waterworks Act 1847 gave permission for the construction of the Woodhead and Arnfield reservoirs; the Manchester Corporation Waterworks Act 1848 allowed the construction of Torside and Rhodeswood Reservoir, and an aqueduct to convey the water to the Arnfield reservoir where it would pass through the Mottram Tunnel to Godley.</p><br>
<p>During construction, landslips were a problem. On the night of 6 February 1852, 30 acre of land beneath the contractors&#39; village of New Yarmouth moved 6 in obliquely to the watercourse. Bateman consulted the engineers Robert Stephenson, and Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Pipes were sunk to draw off the water from the underlying shale.</p><br>
<p>The purest water in a reservoir lies between 1.5 and 3 metres beneath the water&#39;s surface, so water was extracted by means of syphons. The water now flows directly to the Arnfield Treatment Works in Tintwistle and to the Mottram Tunnel.</p><br>
<p>It was stated in a statutory report, under the Reservoir Safety Act 1975, dated 12 June, that all five reservoirs could be overtopped during a Probable Maximum Flood. Woodhead as the fountainhead would have the most extensive improvements, and with these completed there was no danger at Rhodeswood of overtopping; however, there was weakness in the north spillway. To reduce the pressure, the roadway was consolidated to protect the north spillway from erosion, the embankment was raised by 40 mm above the road, the wave wall was heightened by 1.2 m and the south spillway tunnel was remodelled. The work took place between 1994 and 1995.</p><br>
<p>Valehouse  Reservoir is a man-made lake in Longdendale in north Derbyshire. It was built between 1865 and 1869 as part of the Longdendale chain, which was built to supply water from the River Etherow to the urban areas of Greater Manchester while maintaining a constant flow into the river. The upper reservoirs supply the drinking water, while Vale House and Bottoms are compensation reservoirs which guarantee the flow of water to water-powered mills downstream. Valehouse, with a crest elevation of 503 m, is too low to supply water under gravity to the Mottram tunnel, so could not be used as an impounding reservoir. Today 45 megalitres of compensation water are released each day into the River Etherow.</p><br>
<p>Vale House Mill was purchased by Manchester Corporation in 1864, but a few villagers remained in the village of Vale House until 1868. In 1869 the hamlet was flooded out. The village was substantial, having an estimated population of 600 houses and 100 cottages. There was a gasworks and a school house for 24-30 scholars. Vale House Mill was the first spinning and weaving mill in Longdendale; it was built in 1775 by Samuel Oldknow. In 1864 it was owned by William Hobbs and Co. It had two carding rooms, nine spinning rooms, three weaving rooms and two Blowing Rooms. It had 15416 spindles and 326 power looms. Vale House residents worshipped at the Ebenezer Methodist Chapel in Tintwistle (built 1830), which was above the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The chimney at Vale House Mill survived the construction of the reservoir and became known as the "Whispering Chimney" as it produced ghostly noises during strong winds. It was demolished in 1887 at the request of the Manchester to Sheffield Railway Company, who feared for the stability of their trains when all the passenger crowded over to one side of a carriage to see the chimney protruding from the waters of the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The puddle trench was dug to a depth of 35 ft to a layer of Lower Millstone Grit, which rested on Limestone Shales, and a good watertight seal was easily achieved.</p><br>
<p>It was stated in a statuary report, under the Reservoir Safety Act 1975, dated 12 June 1984, that all five reservoirs could be over-topped during a Probable Maximum Flood, so major works were undertaken. The retention level was raisd by 3.81 m, the embankment crest by 1.8 metres, and the wave wall was rebuilt. An 80 m wide auxiliary spillway was constructed, two new 900 mm butterfly valves installed and existing valves descaled and motorised. The 11kV overhead powerline was routed in a new embankment crest duct.</p><br>
<p>Bottoms Reservoir is a man-made lake in Longdendale in north Derbyshire, England. It was constructed between 1865 and 1877, by John Frederick Bateman as part of the Longdendale chain to supply water from the River Etherow to the urban areas of Greater Manchester. The upper reservoirs supplied the drinking water, while Bottoms and Vale House reservoirs regulated the flow downstream for the benefit of local water-powered mills.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1877, turbines were introduced at Bottoms to produce electricity that powered the company offices and the works electric train. These operated for 28 years.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, remedial safety work was done. The clay core and crest was raised by 2.5m, and a dry metalled track constructed on the crest. The bywash channel bridge was replaced to give greater clearance, and the stonework of the bywash channel and the tumbling bay was repointed.</p><br>
<p>Arnfield Reservoir is a man-made lake in Longdendale in north Derbyshire. It was constructed in 1854 as part of the Longdendale chain to supply water from the River Etherow to the urban areas of Greater Manchester. Unlike the other reservoirs in the chain, Arnfield and Hollingworth Reservoir are not in the Etherow valley but lie in the valley of tributary brooks to the north and above . From Arnfield the water is extracted to pass through the Mottram Tunnel to Godley.</p><br>
<p>The Manchester Corporation Waterworks Act 1847 gave permission for the construction of the Woodhead, Arnfield and Hollingworth Reservoirs and an aqueduct to convey waters to a service reservoir at Godley. The Manchester Corporation Waterworks Act 1848 allowed the construction of Torside and Rhodeswood Reservoir, and an aqueduct to convey the water to the Arnfield reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The earthen embankment is 17m high and the five sections total 953 m in length. It was constructed of local clay; a masonry overflow weir protects the reservoir from overtopping. Beneath it lay the trapezoidal Longdendale aqueduct that followed the contour to take water from the reservoirs to the Godley reservoir. Until the 1960s, water was treated by passing it through straining frames at Godley.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s, a more sophisticated system of treatment was employed. Treatment plants were built at Arnfield and Godley. At Arnfield, lime, ferric sulphate and polyelectrolite are added to the water in mixing chambers. This flocculating agent binds together the impurities, which sink and are removed in sedimentation tanks. At Godley lime is added to remove manganese, and the water is filtered and chlorinated and fed into the distribution network.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s, part of the Longdendale aqueduct was replaced with 1200mm diameter pipes. In 1990 the Hollingworth Reservoir (now part of Swallows Wood nature reserve) was decommissioned and levelled and waters from the Ogden Brook fed into Arnfield. In 2004, two sections of the embankment were strengthened.</p><br>
<p>The Longdendale Chain is a sequence of six reservoirs on the River Etherow in the Longdendale Valley, in northern Derbyshire. They were constructed between 1848 and 1884 to a design by John Frederick Bateman to supply the growing population of Manchester and Salford with fresh water.</p><br>
<p>The top three reservoirs (Woodhead, Torside and Rhodeswood) and Arnfield are for drinking water, and the lower reservoirs (Valehouse and Bottoms) are used as compensation reservoirs to maintain the downstream flow of the river. There was originally a seventh – Hollingworth Reservoir – which was abandoned in 1990, and has become part of the Swallows Wood nature reserve.</p><br>
<p>p. 120.</p><br>
<p>Water flowed by gravity through the Mottram Tunnel to the Godley covered reservoir where it drops to the service reservoirs at Denton, Audenshaw, Gorton and Prestwich.</p><br>
<h2>Reservoirs</h2><br>
<p>The reservoirs are listed from upstream to downstream i.e. from east to west:</p><br>
<p>* Woodhead Reservoir</p><br>
<p>* Torside Reservoir</p><br>
<p>* Rhodeswood Reservoir</p><br>
<p>* Valehouse Reservoir</p><br>
<p>* Bottoms Reservoir</p><br>
<p>* Arnfield Reservoir</p><br>
<p>The Balder is an English river that rises on the eastern slope of Stainmore Common in the Pennine Chain and flows eastwards for about 13 miles  to the River Tees at Cotherstone.</p><br>
<p>The River Balder is in County Durham. The head of the valley is a bleak moorland, with hills around it exceeding 500 m (1640 ft).</p><br>
<p>The River Balder enters Balderhead Reservoir about 7 km from the source, at around 330 m (1080 ft). It spills into two more reservoirs further down Baldersdale: Blackton Reservoir and Hury Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The scenery becomes gentler as it descends past Baldersdale Youth Hostel. The distinctive flat peak of Goldsborough to the south is passed before the valley begins to open out as the river enters Blackton Reservoir at around 280 m (920 ft).</p><br>
<p>The course of the valley carries on at a virtually exactly east direction as the River Balder enters Hury Reservoir at about 260 m (850 ft), passing the village of Hury which lies to the north.</p><br>
<p>The river now begins to twist and turn and is crossed by the Balder Railway Viaduct, which was used by the Barnard Castle to Middleton-in-Teesdale railway line before it was closed.</p><br>
<p>It finally joins the River Tees at Cotherstone, at a height of about 160 m (520 ft).</p><br>
<p>West Virginia Independence Hall in Wheeling, West Virginia, was built in 1860 under the supervision of architect Ammi B. Young. During the American Civil War it housed the Wheeling Convention  as well as the West Virginia Constitutional Convention .</p><br>
<p>The building was originally built as the custom house for the Western District of Virginia and later became the center of government for the Restored Government of Virginia from 1861 to 1863.</p><br>
<p>It housed the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia from 1860 to 1864, then the District of West Virginia from 1864 to 1901, and finally the Northern District of West Virginia from 1901 to 1907.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Ichinsky  is a large stratovolcano located in the central part of Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. At 3,607 m, it is the highest peak of the Sredinny Range, the central range of the peninsula. Ichinsky is also among the largest volcanoes in Kamchatka, with a volume of about 450 km3.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is capped by a 3 by summit caldera, within which rise two lava domes which are the highest peaks. The entire summit area is covered by a substantial ice cap, and several large glaciers descend the flanks of the cone. There is ongoing fumarolic activity within the caldera.</p><br>
<p>A dozen more dacite and rhyodacite lava domes are found on the flanks of the volcano below the caldera rim. Basaltic and dacitic lava flows extand form the lower flanks, some as long as 10–15 kilometres (6–9 mi).</p><br>
<p>Sredinny Range  is a mountain range in Kamchatka, Russia, at {{coord|56|N|158|E}}. It stretches from northeast to southwest along the center of the peninsula and is made up of volcanoes, mostly shield volcanoes and stratovolcanoes. The highest peak of the range is Ichinsky, a stratovolcano some 3,607 m) high. The Sredinny Range is separated from the north-south running coastal  range to the east, by the Central Kamchatka Depression.http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/volcanoes/holocene/main/main.htm Holocene Volcanoes in Kamchatka with map showing the Sredinny Range</p><br>
<p>The mountains are currently occupied by small mountain glaciers, contributing to Kamchatka&#39;s characterization as the most extensively glaciated region of northeastern Asia, with glaciers covering roughly 592 ± 20.4 km.</p><br>
<p>Monte Generoso  is a mountain of the Lugano Prealps, located on the border between Switzerland and Italy and between Lake Lugano and Lake Como. The western and southern flanks of the mountain lie in the Swiss canton of Ticino, whilst the north-eastern flanks are in the Italian region of Lombardy.</p><br>
<p>The view from the summit of the mountain encompasses the lakes of Lugano, Como, Varese and Maggiore. To the north are the Alps, stretching from the Matterhorn via the Jungfrau and the Saint-Gotthard Massif to the Bernina Range. To the south are the Lombardy Plains and the Po Valley, with the city of Milan and the Apennine Mountains visible on a clear day.</p><br>
<p>The summit can be approached by the Monte Generoso Railway, a rack railway that starts from Capolago in Switzerland, and climbs via the western flank of the mountain. The summit station includes a panoramic terrace and buffet, a restaurant and a hotel. The new restaurant Fiore di pietra (stone flower) designed by the architect Mario Botta was inaugurated on 29 March 2017. A paved path links the railway&#39;s summit station to the summit proper, a distance of approximately 350 m and a difference in altitude of about 100 m.</p><br>
<p>There is road access from Mendrisio in Switzerland to Bellavista, some 3 km from the summit and an intermediate station on the railway. Hiking trails reach the summit from different starting points, including Bellavista, Capolago and Mendrisio.</p><br>
<p>The Monte Generoso Observatory is located adjacent to the railway&#39;s summit station, and is operated by the Monte Generoso Insubrica Astronomy Group. Also nearby is a small chapel dating from the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The area is included in the Federal Inventory of Landscapes and Natural Monuments. The mountain slopes are home to a herd of between 300 and 350 chamois.</p><br>
<p>The artist and author Edward Lear spent summers from 1878 to 1883 on the mountain. His oil painting The Plains of Lombardy from Monte Generoso is in the Ashmolean Museum in the English city of Oxford.</p><br>
<p>High Pike is a fell in the English Lake District, located five kilometres north of Ambleside. Situated in the Eastern Fells, it can be confused with another Lake District High Pike in the Northern Fells. High Pike reaches a height of 656 m. It is sometimes referred to as Scandale Fell, although this name really only applies to the high ground at the head of Scandale.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>When viewed from the south around High Sweden bridge near Ambleside, High Pike has the look of a remote peak standing alone with cliffs falling away from the summit on its eastern side. However, in reality it is just a slight rise on the long southern ridge of Dove Crag with only about five metres of prominence which prevents it even qualifying as a “Nuttall”; nevertheless both Alfred Wainwright and Bill Birkett mention the fell in their books on the Lakeland Fells.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The crest of the ridge consists of the volcaniclastic laminated claystone and siltstone of the Esk Pike Formation. Beneath is the dacitic welded lapilli-tuff of the Lincomb Tarns Formation.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>High Pike is often climbed as part of the Fairfield horseshoe walk. The ascent from Ambleside leaves the centre of the town northerly and goes by Low Sweden Bridge to reach the open fell where a sizeable dry stone wall is followed firstly over Low Pike and then down to a depression at 480 m before climbing to the flat grassy summit of High Pike with its cairn standing on the edge of crags overlooking Scandale.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>Much of the view from the top is curtailed by higher fells but there is a view of the Far Eastern Fells over the Scandale Pass and an excellent view of Ambleside and the head of Windermere.</p><br>
<p>The Addicks Reservoir and Addicks Dam in conjunction with the Barker Reservoir prevent downstream flooding of Buffalo Bayou in the City of Houston. Both reservoirs were authorized under the Rivers and Harbors Act of June 20, 1938, which was modified by the Flood Control Acts of August 11, 1938; September 3, 1954; and October 27, 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Addicks Reservoir is situated on the north side of Interstate 10. It extends slightly north of Clay Road, and between Barker-Cypress Road to the west and Sam Houston Tollway to the east. State Highway 6 bisects the reservoir north to south. In addition to the Reservoir&#39;s flood damage reduction mission, recreation and nature observation opportunities abound through the approximately 26,000 acres (105 km²) of land that makes up Addicks and Barker reservoirs, which are often dry wooded areas in normal times. The West Houston Airport is located within the western edge of the Addicks reservoir, between Barker-Cypress Road and State Highway 6.</p><br>
<p>The Addicks Reservoir spillway is located at, 29&deg;47&prime;26&Prime;N latitude, 95&deg;37&prime;24&Prime;W longitude, and releases the remainder of Bear Creek just north of Buffalo Bayou.</p><br>
<p>Addicks Reservoir and Dam get their name from the former town of Addicks, TX.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Addicks Reservoir is formed by a rolled earthen dam 61,666 ft long and above the streambed. A 12 ft gravel road extends along the top of the dam. The top of the dam has a maximum elevation of 121 ft above the NAVD 1988 and is almost 50 feet high in points. The maximum storage capacity of the reservoir is 201,000 acre.ft, The record high water level for the reservoir prior to Hurricane Harvey was 123,100 acre.ft, set on April 24, 2016.</p><br>
<p>During Hurricane Harvey, the level peaked at 109.1 feet on August 30, 2017; this is the highest recorded level for Addicks Reservoir. Water retention at this level was 217,500 acre feet. Combined with the adjacent Barker Reservoir to the southwest, the total storage capacity is about 410,000 acre.ft.</p><br>
<p>From 2008-2014, the USA Army Corps of Engineers Galveston District implemented $4.4 million in interim risk reduction measures (at Addicks and Barker dams) to address deficiencies until long-term solutions could be identified and executed. In 2014, staff completed a Dam Safety Modification Study to evaluate long-term repairs and address issues associated with the dams. Staff presented this information during a public meeting Oct. 29 at Bear Creek Community Center in Houston to discuss these plans and gather feedback. Construction is scheduled to begin May 2015 with an estimated completion date of 2019.</p><br>
<p>The northern and western ends of the dam consist of roller compacted concrete spillways. The existing ground at either end of Addicks Dam is lower than the top of dam elevation. Existing ground at the north end of Addicks Dam is at elevation 108 feet and ties into the concrete spillway crest at 112.5 feet. The existing ground at the western end is at elevation of 111.0 feet and ties into the concrete spillway which has a crest of 115.5 feet. (All elevations are NAVD 1988.)</p><br>
<h2>Controlled release</h2><br>
<p>On August 28, 2017 during flooding from Hurricane Harvey, the USA Army Corps of Engineers began controlled water releases at both the Addicks and Barker Reservoirs, in an attempt to manage flood levels in the immediate area. The waters continued to rise, and on August 29, after reaching pool elevation over 108 feet above NAVD 1988, the Addicks Reservoir began around the end of the dam near Tanner Rd. Flows less than 100 cubic feet per second were detected at the spillway. In the afternoon of August 29, 2017, the Army Corps of Engineers made the decision to raise the controlled release rates to 16,000 cubic feet per second. As of August 30, 2017, combined controlled discharge rates of Barker and Addicks were 13,700 cubic feet per second, and subdivisions surrounding the outlets and downstream past Beltway 8 experienced significantly increased flooding as Buffalo Bayou further overtopped its banks.</p><br>
<h2>Benefits</h2><br>
<p>It is estimated the Addicks and Barker Reservoirs, along with other federal construction projects on Buffalo Bayou and its tributaries, prevent average annual flood damages of $16,372,000 to the city of Houston.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Several parks are scattered throughout the reservoir, including Bear Creek Pioneers Park and hike/bike/horse trails.</p><br>
<p>Laüs or Laus  was an ancient city of Magna Graecia on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea. It was a colony of Sybaris at the mouth of the Lao River, which formed the boundary between Lucania and Bruttium in ancient times. The river and the city have the same name in Ancient Greek. Today the archaeological site of the city can be found at a short distance to the east of Marcellina, a frazione of the comune of Santa Maria del Cedro in Calabria.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Little is known about its foundation or history. Herodotus states that the inhabitants of Sybaris who had survived the destruction of their city in 510 BCE took refuge in Laüs and Scidrus. Diodorus Siculus seems to imply that that city had been captured by the Lucanians before or during 390 BCE. He writes that the army of Thurii had repelled a force of the Lucanians which had attacked their territory in 390 BCE. The Lucanians then withdrew to their own territory and Thurians pursued them to lay siege to the "prosperous" town of Laüs. On the way to Laüs the Thurians were ambushed and crushed by the Lucanians.</p><br>
<p>Strabo describes the city as still being in existence in his time. He mentions a heroon to Draco, a companion of Odysseus, stood there. The first edition of Strabo&#39;s Geographica was published in 7 BCE and the last no later than 23 CE. Pliny the Elder, whose Natural History was published in approximately 77–79 CE, states that the city no longer existed in his time.</p><br>
<p>The site near Marcellina which is now identified as Laüs was possibly a refoundation of the Greek city by Lucanians on a previously unoccupied site. The city was downsized gradually and abandoned in the second half of the third century BCE. This was probably caused by the Punic Wars, which had a profound impact on the economy of the Tyrrhenian coast. The only material evidence of the Archaic Greek city consists of some silver coins with the legend LAFINON and symbols similar to those of the coins of Sybaris, dated between 500 and 440 BCE.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>The first excavation started between 1929 and 1932. The necropolis of Laüs now lies below Marcellina and is notable for its important finds. A rich tomb chamber was discovered by accident in 1961 not far from the railway station of Marcellina. Dozens of red-figured vases, bronze and precious metals, and a finely crafted bronze armor were found in the tomb. The burial dated to the second half of the fourth century BCE and is now exhibited in the Museo Nazionale della Magna Grecia in Reggio Calabria. Other burials of the same period, though less rich, were found in the same area in the 1950s and 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The excavations revealed a city that was defended on at least three sides by a wall. The urban space was organized according to a grid plan with at least two central roadways in a north-south orientation and 12 meters wide. These were intersected at regular distances of 96 meters by perpendicular roads in an east-west orientation and approximately 5 meters wide. This created a checkerboard layout of building blocks containing four dwellings, which were further separated by narrow lanes. In the south-east of the site, near the present cemetery, an area characterized by the presence of artisanal kilns for the production of ceramics was discovered.</p><br>
<h2>The site today</h2><br>
<p>The Laüs Archaeological Park was created in 1994 to protect the archaeological site and covers an area of approximately 60 hectares. Some ancient structures were restored and a small museum, the Antiqarium, was set up in a building nearby. By 16 January 2013 the site was closed.</p><br>
<p>Beglik Tash , is a prehistoric rock sanctuary situated on the southern Black Sea coast of Bulgaria, a few kilometers north of the city of Primorsko. It was re-used by the Thracian tribes in the Iron Age.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the 19th century, the Czech-Bulgarian historian and archaeologist Karel Škorpil produced the first scientific account of the sanctuary, which was then known as Apostol Tash. In 2002, the Bulgarian archaeologists started excavating the place under the supervision of archaeologist Tsonia Drazheva.</p><br>
<p>Beglik Tash - an expression whose meaning is probably related to the tax on sheep collected by the Ottoman authorities until 1913, the "beglik", and a Turkish word to describe an area made of large stones, taşlar - is a natural phenomenon of huge megaliths arranged and carved by a Thracian tribe and later used for religious ceremonies. It is part of a wider surrounding area and a natural rock formation of huge monolithic blocks of volcanic origin, and were formed of hardened magma that erupted from a volcano active during the Mesozoic era.</p><br>
<p>Most of the megaliths have traces of carvings for the purposes of Thracian rituals. There are also the remains of a labyrinth that visitors can pass through. A Thracian sun clock is formed from huge stones. There is also a 150-ton rock that rests on the ground in only two places, and a "womb-cave".</p><br>
<p>Inside it, archaeologists have found ceramic artefacts from the Early Iron Age (10th-6th century BC), classical antiquity, and the Middle Ages, as well as a man-made stone altar at the end of the natural cave which proves that it was used as a place of worship. Every day at noon, a ray of sunlight enters the narrow entrance of the cave, and projects itself on the back of cave. According to the Bulgarian archaeologist Alexander Fol some of the Thracian womb-caves had the property of letting the sunlight in only at certain times of the day, a natural phenomenon seen by the Thracians as acts of symbolic fertilization of the Earth womb or the Mother Goddess by the sun phallus of the Sun God.</p><br>
<p>The site is an open-air museum maintained by the Burgas Historical Society. It is visited annually by 40,000 tourists. Beglik Tash is located in the vicinity of two other Thracian sites: the city of Ranuli and the fortress of Pharmakida in the Strandhza mountain.</p><br>
<p>Kostakan  is a north-south trending chain of cinder cones located in the southern part of Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Volcanism of the Kostakan cones belongs to a pattern of basaltic volcanism that is recognized to the west of Kamchatka&#39;s Eastern Volcanic Zone (GVP).</p><br>
<p>The Kostakan cones are found south of Bakening volcano, from Kostakan Lake southward in a north-south lineament (GVP). They are associated with lava flows and maars. (Ponomareva et al. 2007). Some of these lava flows have lengths of more than 1 km (Dorendorf et al. 2000). Zmeya crater formed inside a landslide scar and is the highest cone at 1,150 m of altitude (GVP).</p><br>
<p>Activity commenced in the Pleistocene and continued on into the Holocene, with the latest eruption occurring perhaps 1350 at Glavny cone. Other eruptions occurred 1200, 1000, 800, 6550 BP and 8050 BP, with varying uncertainties (GVP).</p><br>
<p>Their composition ranges from basalt to basaltic andesite, with medium contents of (Ponomareva et al. 2007).</p><br>
<p>Jacob Riis Park, also called Jacob A. Riis Park is a seaside park at the southwestern end the Rockaway Peninsula in the New York City borough of Queens. It lies at the foot of the Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge, adjacent to the east of Fort Tilden, and west of Neponsit and Rockaway Beach. Originally a city-run park under the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, it is currently part of the Jamaica Bay Unit of the Gateway National Recreation Area, and is managed by the National Park Service .</p><br>
<p>Plans emerged for a coastal park located in the Rockaways in the early 20th Century, with the property acquired by the city in 1912. Initially called Seaside Park and later Telawana Park, the park was named in 1914 for social journalist Jacob Riis, who advocated for the creation of the park. During World War I, the site was used as the Rockaway Naval Air Station, one of the first naval air stations in the United States. Riis Park was largely constructed between 1936 and 1937 by NYC Parks Commissioner Robert Moses, who envisioned Riis Park as a getaway for New York City residents comparable to Jones Beach State Park on Long Island. The park was built along with the Marine Parkway Bridge and the Belt Parkway in nearby Brooklyn, which provided access to the park.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, Jacob Riis Park was transferred to the control of the National Park Service. The Jacob Riis Park Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. It features an extensive sand beach along the Atlantic Ocean coastline and several historic Art Deco structures, including a bathhouse built in 1932 and reconfigured in 1937. Today, the park&#39;s sand, surf, and seaside recreation areas and famous Art Deco bathhouse make it a popular summer destination. Facilities available in season include a pitch and putt golf course and food concessions.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The park was originally known as Seaside Park. A monument to Telawana is located in Woodsburgh, Long Island, east of Far Rockaway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early years</h3><br>
<p>What is now the site of Jacob Riis Park on the western Rockaway Peninsula was under water as recently as the early 19th century. The peninsula was gradually expanded westward by the natural accretion of sand from tidal action. By 1878, the peninsula extended as far as the current western boundaries of the park. The peninsula reached its current extents by the turn of the 20th century. During the War of 1812, the United States Army erected a blockhouse west of the future park site, on what was then an island. It was demolished in 1818.</p><br>
<p>In 1880, the New York, Woodhaven & Rockaway Railroad opened a railroad line between mainland Queens and the Rockaways, with a terminal in Rockaway Park. A streetcar line running across the peninsula, operated by the Ocean Electric Railway, opened in 1897, with its western end past Beach 149th Street within the modern park site.</p><br>
<h3>Acquisition of park property</h3><br>
<p>In 1900, the property that would later would become Riis Park was acquired by Edward P. Hatch as part of two lots totaling 1,000 acre in size. The first plot, the "Hatch Tract," was 350 acre while the second "Bell Harbor tract" was 650 acre. The land consisted predominantly of marshland and meadows yet to be developed. From 1902 to 1903, the City of New York initially attempted to create a seaside beach park in Staten Island. the city planned to build an oceanside park in the western Rockaways near Rockaway Point (Breezy Point), supported by Jacob Riis&#39; Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. The Association, as well as New York City Mayor George B. McClellan Jr. and Bellevue and Allied Hospitals president John W. Brannon, also lobbied for a hospital and "convalescent home" to be established. In March 1906, Hatch expressed interest in selling the "Hatch tract", with an asking price of $1 million. but resurrected in 1909 after campaigning from citizens and philanthropic groups.</p><br>
<p>Following the death of Hatch in 1908, the Hatch tract was acquired first by the West Rockaway Land Company. Now valued between $850,000 and $1.05 million, the Neponsit Company offered to sell the site for $1.5 million.</p><br>
<p>After Jacob Riis passed away in May 1914, former United States President Theodore Roosevelt advocated for the renaming of the park to Jacob Riis Park. The name change was approved on January 4, 1915. Beginning in late 1915, jetties were installed along the beach in order to prevent beach erosion, and to capture sand from tidal action in order to extend the beach. The jetties were based on similar structures used in nearby Neponsit. By 1917, 10 acres of land was added to the beach.</p><br>
<p>The original plan for the park was created by Parks Department landscape architect Carl F. Pilat in 1913. and had also designed Astoria Park around the same time. Pilats design would have deviated significantly from the current layout. Much of the property north of Rockaway Beach Boulevard (then called Washington Avenue) would have been developed into recreational space with fields and courts for sports. Pilats layout of the park utilized Beaux-Arts planning, characterized by pedestrian pathways organized in an axial arrangement, with focal points at the southern beach "esplanade", and at a bandstand at the north end of the park. The Jamaica Bay coastline at the north end of the site would have been utilized for an additional beach and boardwalk, along with a marine basin for boats, and a lagoon. In addition to the space on the Atlantic Ocean coast used by Neponsit Hospital, an additional tract on the west end of the beach would be utilized for a second health facility; only one-third of the beach would have been part of the park. The Parks Department had held a contest in 1913 accepting submission of designs for the park. Pilat&#39;s plan incorporated elements of the six finalists in the competition. At the time, the Pilat plan was considered too expensive and was not implemented. Because of this and the onset of World War I, Riis Park remained largely undeveloped into the 1930s.</p><br>
<h3>Use as a military base</h3><br>
<p>With the emergence of World War I, in 1917 the park site was leased to the United States Navy to create Naval Air Station Rockaway, one of the first naval air stations in the country. A permit was issued by the Parks Department to the federal government on April 16, 1917, with 60 acre allotted to the base. The station began operations on October 15 of that year. An additional 34 acres were ceded to the station in March 1915. The now-94 acre base extended from Fort Tilden east to the location of the modern bathhouse. The station would be used as the departure point for the first transatlantic flight in 1919, accomplished by the Glenn Curtiss-designed NC-4. By the time the base was complete, the remaining 168 acre of the park had little development occurring.</p><br>
<p>On January 20, 1921, US Navy Rear Admiral James H. Glennon requested that the city cede the 94 acre site to the federal government in order to maintain the naval station. The request was initially refused, but the dispute continued on for the rest of the decade. The station was inactive from 1922 to 1925 and became an armory for the New York Naval Militia from 1928 to 1929. The dispute finally ended in 1930, when the Navy moved to facilities in Valley Stream, Long Island, North Beach Airport (now LaGuardia Airport), and later Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn directly across from Riis Park. The base was vacated by June 1930, and demolition of the base was ordered in October 1930.</p><br>
<h3>Initial development of Riis Park</h3><br>
<p>On October 17, 1925, a ferry service was opened between Barren Island, Brooklyn (later Floyd Bennett Field airport) and Riis Park. In 1926, a short macadam transverse road was created between Washington Avenue and the ferry terminal. A small concession stand was also constructed at the west end of the park. In July 1929, an existing 1,000-car parking lot was enlarged. By this time, the patronage of Jacob Riis Park was increasing.</p><br>
<p>After the remainder of Riis Park was relinquished by the Navy, in fall 1930 Queens Parks Commissioner Albert C. Benninger proposed the construction of a bathing pavilion at Jacob Riis Park. Benninger had been inspired by the design of the bathhouse at Jones Beach State Park, completed in August 1929 by then-Long Island Parks Commissioner Robert Moses. Additional work was completed in May 1933, including lockers, the restaurant, and the solarium. The solarium was expected to be the largest in the world at the time. A seawall running in front of the bathhouse along the beach and parking facilities for 5,000 cars were also completed by 1933.</p><br>
<p>While the bathhouse was being constructed, several plans were evaluated for developing Riis Park. While presenting the park plan, McAneny also put forward plans for a vehicular bridge or tunnel between Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn and the Riis Park/Fort Tilden area, acting as an extension of Flatbush Avenue. Although the bathhouse was built based off the RPA plans, it and the other plans were rejected in part due to the difficulty and high cost of landscaping and planting in the area.</p><br>
<h3>Expansion under Robert Moses</h3><br>
<p>In January 1934, Robert Moses was appointed commissioner of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, following the unification of the five individual borough departments. Moses wished to develop Riis Park into an urban iteration of Jones Beach for working class New York City residents. Under Moses, alterations to the bathhouse began in April 1934 with Works Progress funds. Moses was critical of the previous operation of the park, including the contracting of an outside firm to operate concessions and services, leading to deteriorating conditions in the park. Moses proceeded to cancel nearly all outside contracts, forming the Riis Management Corporation to run other services. Improvements to the other park structures were also completed as projects under the Works Progress Administration (WPA).</p><br>
<p>On August 6, 1934, Moses released his plan for Riis Park, designed by Gilmore D. Clarke, Julius Burgevin, W. Earle Andrews, and Clinton Loyd. The plan, designed in Beaux-Arts style, featured elements of the final design: the massive parking area for 15,000 cars, the road plan with a roundabout, and a central pedestrian mall running north to south. A second bathhouse structure would be built on the west side of the park, containing a swimming pool. Also included were a causeway and/or bridge linking to Brooklyn. Moses was also critical of several aspects of earlier park plans and the then-current layout created under Benninger, including the placement of the bathhouse and seawall too close to the shore, and the lack of parking spaces. According to Moses the location of the bathhouse and bulkhead left a minimal portion of beach during high tide, and limited future expansion of the beach. The lack of parking, meanwhile, limited the utilization of the bathhouse, which could accommodate more people than the lot could fit cars. The 1934 plan was not implemented due to opposition from the local communities. Among the reasons for the resistance were fears of bringing in individuals from other parts of the city to the Rockaways, and the possibility of Riis Park out-competing privately owned beaches and resorts leading to declines in property values.</p><br>
<p>In 1936, Moses released what would be the final plan for Jacob Riis Park, designed by Clarke, Loyd, and Parks Department architect Aymar Embury II. Under this plan, the mall was relocated to the western end of the property, with a design similar to that of Orchard Beach in the Bronx which was being built at the same time. The Board of Estimate money went toward the Marine Parkway Bridge, one of Moses&#39;s projects to connect Riis Park to the rest of the city, while the park itself was nearly entirely built with WPA money.</p><br>
<p>Work on enlarging the beach began on April 1, 1936. 2,000,000 cubic yards of sand were dredged from Jamaica Bay to increase the size of the beach from 8 to 24 acres. The upgraded Jacob Riis Park was initially set to open along with Orchard Beach on June 19, 1937, but the openings were pushed back due to unfinished work. Both beaches were opened on June 25, 1937. Work on the parking lot and bathhouse were completed at this time.</p><br>
<p>The Marine Parkway Bridge was opened July 3, 1937, On Friday August 6, 1937, the park began holding weekly fireworks shows. The Belt Parkway system was opened in June 1940, connecting to the Marine Parkway Bridge.</p><br>
<p>A lighted softball field just west of the bathhouse was created in summer 1940. A bust of Jacob Riis at the western mall building was completed on October 14, 1940. The Wise and Son street clock was installed on the boardwalk on March 4, 1941. The bathhouse and other structures were waterproofed in 1943. The stairs from the beach and boardwalk to the second floor of the bathhouse were removed between 1948 and 1949. The second floor cafeteria, meanwhile, was replaced with additional lockers, while a new cafeteria was built on the first floor. Numerous other renovations took place between 1949 and 1958.</p><br>
<h3>Acquisition of Neponsit Hospital property</h3><br>
<p>Neponsit Beach Hospital was closed on April 21, 1955 due to a declining need for tuberculosis treatment. Numerous groups had conflicting interests in the future of the site, After the Board of Estimate including Gerosa voted 10 to 6 to block the park expansion, and angry exchanges between Moses and Gerosa, on October 27, 1956, New York Supreme Court Justice Peter M. Daly ruled in favor of Moses in a lawsuit by the Park Association of New York City, preventing the sale. The ruling was upheld by the Appellate Court in Brooklyn on July 9, 1956. The ruling referred to the original 1906 act which zoned the property exclusively for park or hospital use.</p><br>
<p>In 1958, a compromise was reached in which the hospital would be converted into a nursing home called the Neponsit Home for the Aged. Meanwhile, the remaining 10 acre of the property were turned over to the Parks Department to expand Riis Park, adding 1,000 ft of beach. The plan was approved by New York City Board of Estimate in February 1959. A field with two baseball diamonds was created adjacent to the west of the former hospital in 1961, with a comfort station and concession stand erected at the southwest corner of the field.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and creation of Gateway National Recreation Area</h3><br>
<p>By the 1960s, Riis Park was in a state of disrepair, which included debris on the beach, and lack of maintenance of the toilet and bathhouse facilities. In August 1965, eighty people swimming at Riis Park and Rockaway Beach were treated for stings from Portuguese man o&#39; war hydrozoans, a taxonomic class similar to jellyfish.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, the National Park Service established the Gateway National Recreation Area around Jamaica Bay. Jacob Riis Park was ceded to the NPS two years later, on March 4, 1974. Under NPS&#39; purview, several renovations occurred, including the installation of new roofing on the bathhouse and mall buildings, and the restoration of the Wise Clock which had been taken out of operation. The NPS also began to crack down on nude bathing on the beach. In mid-July 1974, Federal Magistrate Vincent A. Catoggio suggested that the entire park be shuttered if "it is going to be a gathering place of nudists" and around the same time, United States Park Police started issuing summonses to nude bathers who ignored orders to put clothes on. On July 24, 1974, a bill was introduced to the New York City Council to ban nude bathing. In spite of this, NPS rangers and officers maintained a policy of allowing nude bathers to remain so long as they "minded their own business." On June 29, 1976, Riis Park was closed due to raw sewage in the water. It was closed again August 3, 1978 along with beaches in Brooklyn after an oil spill near Breezy Point. The park reopened on August 7, 1978.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s during summer months, the and bus routes were extended south of their normal terminus at Kings Plaza in Brooklyn to Riis Park, with a federal subsidy funding the extension. The park&#39;s historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. Nude bathing was banned at the beach in 1983, although it continued to persist unlawfully afterwards.</p><br>
<p>In May 1988, the National Park Service planned to put the Riis Park bathhouse and mall buildings up for lease, along with other buildings in the Gateway Area. The developers would then pay for renovations and upgrades to the park and its facilities, which the NPS did not have the money to fund. The bathhouse in particular was in a state of disrepair, with its showering and changing facilities closed. The plan proposed constructing a 15,000-seat performance amphitheater, and a water park. Both attractions would be erected on the site of the golf course at the west end of the park. The amphitheater would occupy the northern half of the golf course site, facing south towards the beach. The water park would sit at the south end, and have a 7,500 person capacity. The golf course would be relocated to the east end of the park. Features would also be added to the bathhouse, including a restaurant, skating rinks, a public garden, and/or a swimming pool. By October of that year, the development plans were dropped and instead $934,000 was allocated for renovations to the park.</p><br>
<h3>1990s to present</h3><br>
<p>On August 31, 1991, the beach was closed again due to the presence of medical waste, with over 500 items found including needles and medicine vials of the painkiller Nubain. The beach was closed for a single day. Due in part to the reoccurrence of waste on the beach, the park saw declining patronage that year. In 1999, $450,000 from the federal government was earmarked for the rehabilitation of Riis Park, projected to be complete by 2004. By 2001, $4.1 million in additional funds were secured by then-Senators Hillary Clinton and Chuck Schumer and then Congressman Anthony Weiner, particularly targeted at the bathhouse. One of the early plans for the project was to construct a pool with the $4 million, as hinted in a press release from Senator Schumer, possibly located in the bathhouse. The National Park Service planned to use the money for general renovations. After a preliminary study, the pool plan was cancelled as the pool would lead to a financial deficit. Through 2005, numerous improvements were performed on the bathhouse, with plans to repave the central courtyard. By July 2006, however, the repairs had not been finished.</p><br>
<p>On April 17, 2010, a new bust depicting Jacob Riis was installed at the Central Mall. The project was supported by the district manager of Queens Community Board 14. Grimm, meanwhile, was found to have received campaign money from both Williams and National Grid. Two Queens congressman also supported the pipeline, as did Anthony Weiner before his resignation. The pipeline was opposed by local environmental groups, who felt it would disturb a nearby artificial reef.</p><br>
<p>In late October 2012, Hurricane Sandy struck the New York City area, particularly effecting the Rockaway Peninsula. At Riis Park, sand was pushed north from the beach onto the back beach areas. The bathhouse was flooded and damaged. However, structures like the Wise Clock and the new Jacob Riis bust were generally unscathed. The parking lot was selected as a waste facility due to its size, location on the peninsula, and connection to highways and roads. Afterwards, the parking lot was used to clean sand before it returned to the beaches on the peninsula. Because of this the lot was filled with numerous man-made dunes. The park reopened in May 2013. Repairs to the bathhouse occurred from 2015 to 2016, after which the NPS solicited requests for proposals to reuse the entry pavilion and bathhouse.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after Hurricane Sandy, on November 7, 2012, the Rockaway Lateral Pipeline bill was signed into law. The pipeline was put in service by May 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Jacob Riis Park is located at the west end of the Rockaway Peninsula, between Fort Tilden and the Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge to the west, and the Neponsit neighborhood to the east. The Roxbury and Breezy Point neighborhoods sit farther west. The Atlantic Ocean coast marks the south end of the site, where the park&#39;s beaches are located. The north end is bound by Beach Channel Drive and the Jamaica Bay shore. The park is approximately 262 acre in size, extending 1 mi east-to-west between Beach 149th Street in Neponsit and Beach 169th Street at Fort Tilden.</p><br>
<p>The major east-to-west thoroughfares running across the park are Beach Channel Drive and Rockaway Beach Boulevard, the latter of which runs near the south end of the park at the north end of the beach. Beach Channel Drive feeds west into the Marine Parkway Bridge, and into Rockaway Point Boulevard which runs to Roxbury and Breezy Point. Both roads run east towards the rest of the Rockaways. A roundabout at the east end of the park provides an interchange between the two roads. The road layout was designed in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Three buildings constructed in the 1930s are the primary features of the Riis Park Historical District. These are the bathhouse and the two Central Mall buildings. Many elements of the park, including the mall buildings, boardwalk, and renovations to the bathhouse, were completed during the 1936-1937 renovation of the park with Works Progress Administration funds, under the watch of Robert Moses, Gilmore D. Clarke, and Aymar Embury II.</p><br>
<h3>Features</h3><br>
<h4>Bathhouse</h4><br>
<p>Located on the south side of Rockaway Beach Boulevard near the horizontal center of the park is the bathhouse, which has historically served as the entrance to the beach. It was first completed in 1932, designed by John L. Plock of the Stoughton and Plonck firm in Moorish/Byzantine style. The 1936-1937 WPA project led to a reconfiguration of the bathhouse, designed by Clinton Loyd, which added Art Deco/Art Moderne elements. The alteration in architectural style is said to have been brought on by Robert Moses being "annoyed" by the bathhouse&#39;s original Moorish elements. It is the largest building in the park.</p><br>
<p>The bathhouse actually consists of four individual structures making up each face of the building, linked by common outer screen walls, with a central courtyard in between. The screen walls are brick and rise 8 ft high. The buildings share a common outer facade in terms of materials, consisting of brick laid in american bond, cast stone, and concrete. After the 1937 renovations, the entire structure was painted in light gray.</p><br>
<p>At the front or north face of the site on Rockaway Beach Boulevard is the Entry Pavilion. The one-story structure was built in 1932 as part of the original bathhouse, and retains its Moorish and Byzantine features. Loosely T-shaped, it occupies 10,000 ft2 of space. The front face of the building features two small towers or turrets near each end, with an octagonal shape. In between the towers is an arcade, with five brick archways supported by concrete Corinthian columns. The columns are hexagonal in shape with arabesque features. An additional archway is located at both the east and west ends of the arcade. Six hipped skylights are located on the roof of the pavilion.</p><br>
<p>At the rear of the bathhouse, facing the beach, is the "bathing pavilion" A terrace surrounds the projection. The center section&#39;s roof is flat, used as an additional terrace, while the side sections have hipped roofs. The beach pavilion contains two octagonal towers which rise four-stories high with copper roofs. Several windows are located on the towers. External stairs on either side originally led from the beach to the terrace on the second floor, with additional staircases to the roof of the structure; the outdoor stairs from the ground have since been removed.</p><br>
<p>At the east and west ends of the bathhouse are the east and west wing buildings. The wings are identical one-story rectangular buildings. They were built with the original bathhouse, with the east wing renovated in 1936. The wings each feature a hipped roof of asphalt tiles. Both wings originally contained public bathrooms, with east wing containing a police sub-station for the United States Park Police, and the west wing housing first aid stations. Much of this space has since been converted into visitor facilities, with bathrooms still present in the east wing.</p><br>
<p>At the core of the bathhouse between the four buildings is the central courtyard. The changing rooms were constructed of asbestos board, while the showers were tile with stone trim. The changing rooms were closed and removed by 1988 due to a lack of maintenance and sanitary concerns. Entrance to the changing rooms was via doors at the sides of the front and rear arcades.</p><br>
<p>Among the other original features of the bathhouse were two restaurants, a cafeteria, concession stands, and the solarium on the roof. These were later replaced by a ranger station, the park police station, and the first-aid station. An eastern portion of the beach pavilion is currently used to house lifeguards from the National Park Service. The bathhouse has received damage from numerous storms, including Hurricane Irene and Hurricane Sandy.</p><br>
<h4>Central Mall</h4><br>
<p>Near the foot of the Marine Parkway Bridge between the parking lot and golf course (see ) is the park&#39;s central mall, a landscaped concourse which runs north-to-south between Beach Channel Drive and the main beach. Like the bathhouse, the mall buildings were painted gray upon opening in 1937. A bandstand was originally located in between the two buildings in the center of the plaza, but was removed in 1954.</p><br>
<p>A bronze bust of Jacob Riis had been installed adjacent to the western mall building in 1940, donated by Riis&#39; son Roger. The bust rested on a granite pedestal constructed by the Parks Department with money from the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, the highway agency also controlled by Robert Moses. After it was stolen in 1964, only its granite base remained.</p><br>
<h4>Boardwalk</h4><br>
<p>Running along the north end of the entire beach is the boardwalk, also sometimes called the promenade. The majority of the boardwalk was built during the 1936-1937 park projects, with the portion in front of the bathhouse built in 1932. The boardwalk separates the beach from the "back beach" portions of the park, such as the bathhouse, central mall, and non-beach recreation areas (see and ). It is the primary means of pedestrian circulation through the park. The boardwalk is 40 ft wide, except at the bathhouse where it is 70 ft wide. It was originally wood, but was upgraded to concrete in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The boardwalk is built on top of the beach&#39;s concrete seawall or bulkhead, which stabilizes the sand and protects the back beach from flooding. The original seawall was constructed in 1931 and ran parallel to the south face of the bathhouse. Portions of the old sea wall remain on the beach.</p><br>
<p>Located on the boardwalk at the east end of the main beach is a street clock, known as the Wise Clock or Riis Park Memorial Clock. It was donated by Downtown Brooklyn jewelry dealer William A. Wise and Son, after the store moved to a new location. The clock has four faces, and originally operated on a single mechanism. Renovations in the 1970s added four individual mechanisms.</p><br>
<h4>Parking lot</h4><br>
<p>Located on the north side of Rockaway Beach Boulevard extending to Beach Channel Drive is the park&#39;s parking lot. At 62 acre or 72 acre in size, the parking lot is the largest individual feature in the park and occupies much of the park site north of the beach. The only entry point to the lot is at its south end in front of the bathhouse, where four toll booths are present. It was built with a capacity of 9,000 or 14,000 automobiles. At the time of its construction, it was the largest paved parking lot in the world. The Jacob Riis Park lot, the 4,000-space lot on Randalls Island, and the 8,000-space lot at Orchard Beach collectively covered 1 square miles of land. A grade-level crosswalk to the west of the toll booths and a pedestrian underpass to the east lead across the street to the bathhouse. The lot is entirely circumscribed by the access roads to the park, with the roundabout located at its southeast corner, and the interchange with the Marine Park Bridge located near its northwest corner.</p><br>
<p>The parking lot was managed by the Marine Parkway Authority (which constructed and operated the Marine Parkway Bridge) until 1940, then by Robert Moses Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (which absorbed the Marine Parkway Authority) until 1968, and finally by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA)s Bridges and Tunnels division until 1974 when the park was relinquished to the National Park Service. Parking fees collected from Riis Park contributed to the construction of the bridge.</p><br>
<h4>Additional features</h4><br>
<p>At the west end of the park across from Fort Tilden is the park&#39;s 18-hole, pitch and putt golf course. It is 26 acre in size. The entrance to the course is from the boardwalk adjacent to the western mall building. The golf course was constructed during the 1936-1937 projects, and opened in August 1938. A New York City Fire Department station and a Park Police station are located at the northwest corner of the golf course, on Beach 169th Street across from Fort Tilden.</p><br>
<p>At the southeast corner of the park just east of the bathhouse and adjacent to Neponsit is Neponsit Beach Hospital, a former children&#39;s tuberculosis hospital and later a nursing home. The hospital was built in 1915 on Riis Park property, and closed in September 1998.</p><br>
<p>The park also contains conventional park recreation including playgrounds and sports fields located in the back beach area. Little league-size baseball fields are located at the west end of the hospital. Basketball courts are located at the west side of the bathhouse. Farther west near the central mall are handball, paddle ball, and shuffleboard courts. More basketball and handball courts were previously located along the southern edge of the golf course. There are also open grass areas for picnicking and grilling. One of these areas between the bathhouse and mall was previously a lighted softball field. The crescent-shaped plot of land east of the parking lot, 30 acre in size, is undeveloped and consists of open grass and trees. Baseball fields were formerly present on the southern portion of this site.</p><br>
<h3>Beaches</h3><br>
<p>The beaches at Jacob Riis Park consists of 14 bays numbered east-to-west on the Atlantic coast. The main beach occupies the western half of the park, or Bays 6 through 14, at the mouth of the Central Mall. Bays 1 through 5 lie on the eastern half in front of Neponsit Beach Hospital and the park bathhouse. Bay 1 is directly in front of the hospital, while the bathhouse feeds into Bay 4. The main beach features a distinctive crescent shape opening towards the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<p>Bay 1 is often considered the "adult" section of the beach. It has historically been popular among the gay community, as well as nudists. The remaining bays have also been informally segregated in the past.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<h3>Public transport</h3><br>
<p>&lt;!-- parked in front of Riis Park</p><br>
<p>The and local buses serve the park on Rockaway Beach Boulevard. The Q22 runs east-to-west across the Rockaway Peninsula. The express route to Manhattan also operates on Rockaway Beach Boulevard, terminating at the park bathhouse and parking lot. QM16 passengers utilize the parking lot as a park-and-ride facility.</p><br>
<p>The closest New York City Subway station is the Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street station on the IND Rockaway Line east of the park, served by the.</p><br>
<p>The New York Water Taxi operates a Rockaway ferry, also called the New York Beach Ferry, from Pier 11/Wall Street in Lower Manhattan, which stops at Riis Landing in front of Fort Tilden on Jamaica Bay. Service began in May 2008. NYC Ferry also operates the Rockaway Ferry route from Pier 11/Wall Street to Beach 108th Street in Rockaway Park. A free shuttle bus travels from the ferry terminal, stopping at Beach 149th Street, the Riis Park bathhouse, and Beach 169th Street.</p><br>
<h3>Road access</h3><br>
<p>Highway access to Riis Park is provided by the Belt Parkway, which runs along the south shore of Brooklyn and Queens. The Belt Parkway connects to the Marine Parkway Bridge via its Flatbush Avenue exit in Marine Park, Brooklyn. Cross Bay Boulevard provides access from central Queens and Broad Channel, leading to both Beach Channel Drive and Rockaway Beach Boulevard. The Riis Park parking lot is a pay-to-park facility during summer months.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The park was featured a Cracker Jack commercial in the late 1960s/early 1970s, with the boardwalk and the Wise clock shown.</p><br>
<p>The Arthur Range is a mountain range in the South West Wilderness, located in south-west Tasmania, Australia. The range is broken into two main section, the Western Arthurs and the Eastern Arthurs. Both sections of the range are popular overnight bushwalking destinations, generally in summer.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The range was named by George Augustus Robinson who climbed Mount Frederick (now Mount Hayes) in March 1830.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>It is mainly composed of Quartzite and features evidence of past glaciation such as moraines and hanging valleys.</p><br>
<h2>Flora/Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Much of the Arthur Range and the area surrounding land is covered by button grass wet sedgelands. Most of the remainder of the land is covered by eucalypt.</p><br>
<p>Birds are the most common animals (e.g. Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoos). In dryer areas, Pademelons may also be seen.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate in the Arthur Range is extremely unstable – weather predictions are virtually useless here, as it is very common to have sun, heavy rain, cloud, strong winds, even snow all in the same day. The top of the range is classed as Sub-Alpine or Alpine. During winter these mountains are snow-capped. Snow has been experienced every season, with regular snowfalls during summer, though many of these snowfalls don&#39;t settle. The climate is mostly decided by the wind. The temperature can change very quick with warm air from Northern Tasmania, or very cold from the Southern Ocean and Antarctica.</p><br>
<h2>Walking</h2><br>
<p>As with other parts of Tasmania&#39;s south-west, the trails are extremely muddy – very frequently it is more than ankle deep. The mud does not dissipate with altitude up the mountain range either, except where there is bare rock.</p><br>
<p>Like many other parts of Tasmania, this area is susceptible to Phytophthora (root rot). To avoid spreading it, walkers are encouraged to stay to the main trail. In order to reduce mechanical damage to plants, walkers are also encouraged to wade through the middle of muddy track sections.</p><br>
<p>Hikers should ensure they are well prepared for any weather conditions, and have enough food for one or two extra days.</p><br>
<h2>Western Arthurs</h2><br>
<p>The Western Arthurs extends generally East-West from Mount Hesperus to West Portal. This section of the range was first traversed in the early 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Access to the Western Arthurs is usually from the Scotts peak dam camp site (43&deg;02&prime;15&Prime;S latitude, 146&deg;17&prime;52&Prime;E longitude) via part of the Port Davey Track.</p><br>
<h3>Lakes</h3><br>
<p>The Western Arthurs are studded with many lakes formed from ice-age glaciers. Among these are:</p><br>
<p>Lake Oberon (43&deg;08&prime;55&Prime;S latitude, 146&deg;16&prime;20&Prime;E longitude): The subject of a well known photograph by Peter Dombrovskis, and where there are camping platforms</p><br>
<p>Lake Cygnus (43&deg;07&prime;49&Prime;S latitude, 146&deg;14&prime;16&Prime;E longitude): Also has an established camp site</p><br>
<p>Lake Ceres (43&deg;08&prime;29&Prime;S latitude, 146&deg;15&prime;11&Prime;E longitude)</p><br>
<p>Square Lake (43&deg;08&prime;29&Prime;S latitude, 146&deg;15&prime;46&Prime;E longitude)</p><br>
<p>Lake Fortuna (43&deg;07&prime;31&Prime;S latitude, 146&deg;13&prime;39&Prime;E longitude)</p><br>
<h3>Mountains</h3><br>
<p>From the north western end, closest to the Port Davey Track:</p><br>
<p>Mount Hesperus (1099m)</p><br>
<p>Mount Hayes (1119m)</p><br>
<p>Procyon Peak (1136m)</p><br>
<p>Mount Sirius (1151m)</p><br>
<p>Mount Pegasus (1063m)</p><br>
<p>Pegasus South (1053m)</p><br>
<p>Mount Capricorn (1037m)</p><br>
<p>Dorado Peak (1068m)</p><br>
<p>Mount Comumba (1042m)</p><br>
<p>The Dragon (1006m)</p><br>
<p>Mount Shaula (914m)</p><br>
<p>Mount Taurus (1011m)</p><br>
<h2>Eastern Arthurs</h2><br>
<p>The Eastern Arthurs runs North-South from the end of the Western Arthurs and includes the highest peak of the range, the striking Federation Peak. This section of the range was first traversed in December 1947 by a group from the Hobart Walking Club.</p><br>
<h3>Lakes</h3><br>
<p>From the north include:</p><br>
<p>Lake Leo</p><br>
<p>Lake Ron Smith</p><br>
<p>Lake Shaw</p><br>
<p>Earl Lake</p><br>
<p>Lake Cracroft</p><br>
<p>Lake Brewsher</p><br>
<p>Dragonfly Lake</p><br>
<p>Lake Payens</p><br>
<p>Lake Gaston</p><br>
<p>Hanging Lake</p><br>
<h3>Mountains</h3><br>
<p>From the north:</p><br>
<p>Cerberus Hill (541m)</p><br>
<p>East Portal (1008m)</p><br>
<p>The Dial (1083m)</p><br>
<p>The Gables (1058m)</p><br>
<p>Four Peaks (1062m)</p><br>
<p>Federation Peak (1225m)</p><br>
<p>Geeves Bluff (1152m)</p><br>
<h3>named features</h3><br>
<p>Luckmans lead</p><br>
<p>Boiler Plates</p><br>
<p>Stuart Saddle</p><br>
<p>The Needles</p><br>
<p>Goon Moor</p><br>
<p>Thwaites Plateau</p><br>
<p>Devils Thumb</p><br>
<p>Bechervaise plateau</p><br>
<p>The Spanish Peaks are a pair of prominent mountains located in southwestern Huerfano County, Colorado. The Ute Indians named them Huajatolla , meaning "two breasts" or "breasts of the Earth".</p><br>
<p>The two peaks, West Spanish Peak (13,626 feet or 4,153 meters) and East Spanish Peak (12,683 feet or 3,866 meters), are east of, and separate from, the Culebra Range of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. West Spanish Peak is the easternmost mountain over 4,000 meters in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Spanish Peaks were formed by two separate shallow (or hypabyssal) igneous intrusions during the Late-Oligocene epoch of the Paleogene Period. West Spanish Peak is an older (24.59 +/- 0.13 Ma) quartz syenite. East Spanish Peak (23.36 +/- 0.18 Ma) is composed of a granodiorite porphyry surrounded by a more aerially-extensive exposure of granite porphyry. The granite porphyry represents the evolved upper portion of the magma chamber while the interior granodiorite porphyry is exposed by erosion at the summit.</p><br>
<p>The Spanish Peaks were designated a National Natural Landmark in 1976 as one of the best known examples of igneous dikes.</p><br>
<p>They were an important landmark on the Santa Fe Trail. The mountains can be seen as far north as Colorado Springs (133 mi), as far west as Alamosa (85 mi), points south to Raton, New Mexico (65 mi), and points east of Trinidad (up to 15 mi).</p><br>
<p>The Spanish Peaks Wilderness area of 17,855 acres (72.3 km) encompasses the summits of both Spanish peaks. Hiking is popular in the wilderness area.</p><br>
<p>Tawa Reservoir is a reservoir on the Tawa River in central India. It is located in Hoshangabad District of Madhya Pradesh state, above Baitul district. The reservoir was formed by the construction of the Tawa Dam, which began in 1958 and was completed in 1978. The dam provides for irrigation to several thousand hectares of farming land in Hoshangabad and Harda districts. It is also a big tourist attraction during the monsoon months. A cruise boat service has been started by the tourism department for visitors to the dam and reservoir. The dam was made by late Shri Vinay Kumar Diwan also known as Denva Ke Gandhi for his work for public welfare being public representative in the region for almost two decades serving as MLA.</p><br>
<p>The dam has brought prosperity to the Hoshangabad district.</p><br>
<p>Tawa Reservoir forms the western boundary of Satpura National Park and Bori Wildlife Sanctuary.</p><br>
<h2>Power plant details</h2><br>
<p>It is a small hydropower plant which was set up on the left bank to utilize the tailrace water for irrigation purpose.</p><br>
<p>It is a private sector hydro-electric generation power plant. The two units of 2 × 6.75 MW were set up by LNJ Bhilwara group. Generated power supplied to HEG Plant Mandideep via MPPTCL Power Line.</p><br>
<p>The power production in this plant was started in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The construction of project was completed in record time of 22 months and at a cost of about 65 crore. Early and efficient completion made possible by RSWI, Canada.</p><br>
<h2>Technical details</h2><br>
<p>It is a canal head project.</p><br>
<p>Catchments area spreads over approximately 6000 km.</p><br>
<p>Full reservoir level (FRL) is 335.397 m&sup3;.</p><br>
<p>Head range 7 to 21 m and discharge varying from 25 to 54 Cumecs.</p><br>
<p>Two turbo generators 6.75 MW rated capacity (20% over load).</p><br>
<h2>Machinery and EQUIPMENT</h2><br>
<p>Vertical shaft keplan turbines and its auxiliaries</p><br>
<p>11 kV semi umbrella sychronous generator and auxiliaries</p><br>
<p>33 kV vacuum circuit breakers.</p><br>
<p>1 MV 33 kV / 415 V auxiliary transformer</p><br>
<p>Fire protection system</p><br>
<p>110 DC with battery backup</p><br>
<p>Federation Peak is a prominent mountain that is part of the Arthur Range, located in the Southwest National Park, in the south-west region of Tasmania, Australia. The peak, approximately 90 km south-west from Hobart, was named after the Federation of Australia.</p><br>
<p>With an elevation of 1,224 m above sea level, the peak is often described as one of the hardest Bushwalking challenges in Australia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first westerner to notice the peak was the surveyor James Sprent who was carrying out a trignometrical survey of Tasmania and who described it as "the Obelisk". It became known as Sprent&#39;s Obelisk, however in 1901 it was officially named Federation Peak in honour of the Federation of Australia which took place that year by Thomas Bather Moore while cutting a track from Hastings to Port Davey via Old River.</p><br>
<p>The years between its first sighting by Sprent and the first successful summit expedition almost 50 years later saw a mixture of hardy pioneer adventurers trying to bag the peak. The thick horizontal scrub, mixed with ancient cool temperate rainforest which dominates the area proved to be the barrier between men and the mountain. Together with the harsh weather generated by the roaring forties the mountain did not give itself easily. It is a testament to the wildness of the Tasmanian South West that it took almost 50 years to reach its heart and jewel.</p><br>
<p>After several unsuccessful attempts by various groups in the late 1940s, a party from the Geelong College Exploration Society led by John Béchervaise summited on the 27 January 1949.</p><br>
<p>The exposed and technical nature of the usual climbing route that is usually climbed unroped has resulted in a number of fatalities; most recently on 23 March 2016 when a bushwalker fell to her death.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The highest elevations of the mountain experience alpine conditions with most of the weather patterns determined by the wind. The mountain receives large amounts of snow in autumn, winter and early spring. Unseasonal snowfalls can be seen in summer though many of them don&#39;t settle.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing routes</h2><br>
<p>There are a number of graded climbing routes to the summit made by rock climbers, most notably Blade Ridge (grade 18), which is a steep knife edge ridge rising out of the cool temperate forest at the foot of the mountain. The ridge joins the main face of the peak a few hundred metres beneath the summit. The climb from the end of the ridge is then up an exposed but well protected face to the summit, some 600 m above the valley floor. Blade Ridge was first successfully used as a route up Federation Peak in February 1968, by Peter Heddles, Rod Harris, David Neilson and Jack Woods</p><br>
<p>Most bushwalkers with minimal or no climbing gear take the exposed Direct Ascent scramble from the Southern Traverse of the peak above a drop of 600 m into Lake Geeves.</p><br>
<p>Access to the base of the peak is generally from Geeveston via Farmhouse Creek and Moss Ridge or Scotts Peak via the Eastern Arthurs. The first route is the shorter of two - generally three days to the peak. The Eastern Arthurs via Scotts Peak Dam takes at least 7 days finishing at Farmhouse Creek; up to 10 days with bad weather.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>West Spanish Peak is a high and prominent mountain summit that is the higher of the two Spanish Peaks in the Rocky Mountains of North America. The prominent 13,631 ft peak is located in the Spanish Peaks Wilderness of San Isabel National Forest, 14.7 km south  of the Town of La Veta, Colorado, United States, on the drainage divide between Huerfano and Las Animas counties. The summit of West Spanish Peak is the highest point in Las Animas County, Colorado.</p><br>
<p>The Spanish Peaks are two large igneous stocks which form an eastern outlier of the Culebra Range, a subrange of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. West Spanish Peak is the easternmost 4000 meter (13,123 ft) mountain peak in the United States. Due to its position well east of the Culebra Range and on the edge of the eastern plains of Colorado, West Spanish Peak enjoys great local vertical relief in almost all directions. For example, it rises over 6,000 ft (1,828 m) in less than 6.5 miles (10.5 km) on both its north and south flanks. Though not a fourteener, West Spanish Peak is the twelfth most topographically prominent peak in the state.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>West Spanish Peak is an erosional remnant of a predominately quartz syenite igneous stock which formed 24.59 +/-0.13 million years ago. It is the focus of over 500 radiating dikes.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking/climbing</h2><br>
<p>The standard ascent route for West Spanish Peak starts at Cordova Pass, a high pass (11,248 ft) to the west of the peak. It follows a trail for about 2 mi to treeline. From there, theres a rough path on talus (scree) up the southwest ridge of the peak for an additional 1.5 mi. The trail is very braided and has a tendency to "go to the right" (which is into loose scree). If climbers stay to the left and close to the ridge, the climbing is much easier. At about 13,000 is a large shale buttress to the right that usually has a small pool of warm water at its foot. Once up on the main part of the top ridge, it&#39;s an easy hike to the actual summit. The top ridge tends to be 30 – wide and is about 0.5 mi long before beginning a significant downward trend on the east side of the mountain. To the north and south are very steep descents. At the summit is a large rock cairn with the usual PVC tube and "sign-in" sheet inside. This mountain is very unsafe when there is snow on the ground. Best time to climb: early June through late October. Thunderstorm and lightning activity can be high in July, August and September.</p><br>
<p>WestSpanishPeakCO.jpgIgneous dikes, looking north from West Spanish Peak.</p><br>
<p>West-spanish-peak01.jpgSunset shot of some Bighorn sheep ewes with the West Spanish Peak in the background.</p><br>
<p>West-spanish-peak03.jpgWest Spanish Peak in November.</p><br>
<p>East Spanish Peak is a prominent mountain summit that is the lower of the two Spanish Peaks in the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 12,688 ft peak is located in the Spanish Peaks Wilderness of San Isabel National Forest, 14.9 km southeast by south  of the Town of La Veta, Colorado, United States, on the drainage divide between Huerfano and Las Animas counties. The Spanish Peaks are two large igneous stocks which form an eastern outlier of the Culebra Range, a subrange of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. East Spanish Peak is higher than any point in the United States east of its longitude.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>East Spanish Peak is the younger of the two Spanish Peaks stocks and was intruded 23.36 +/- 0.18 million years ago. The stock consists of a granite porphyry core surrounded by granodiorite porphyry. It is likely that the granite porphyry represents the upper portion of the magma chamber, the top of which eroded to expose at the summit the less-evolved larger portion of the magma chamber consisting of granodiorite porphyry.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking/climbing</h2><br>
<p>The standard ascent route for East Spanish Peak ascends the west ridge of the peak from the saddle between it and West Spanish Peak. A trail ascends to the saddle from the north side of the peaks.</p><br>
<p>Owl&#39;s Head is a 4,025 ft mountain in Franconia, New Hampshire. It lies between the Franconia Branch of the Pemigewasset River  and Lincoln Brook , in the Pemigewasset Wilderness of the White Mountain National Forest.</p><br>
<p>It is best known as one of the 48 White Mountains "four-thousand footers", and stands out among them mostly for what it lacks:</p><br>
<p>In height, it is 43rd of the 48.</p><br>
<p>It is the only one of the 48 without an officially maintained path to the summit, although an unofficial, unmaintained herd path comes within 0.2 mi.</p><br>
<p>The trees at its summit block (except when deep snow has fallen) any view beyond themselves. (There are, however, nice views from the Owls Head Slide while climbing up the unmaintained path to the summit.)</p><br>
<p>It is remote from approaches by road, due to</p><br>
<p>the East Branch of the Pemigewasset River, between it and the Kancamagus Highway to the south,</p><br>
<p>Franconia Ridge (and its steep and tall east face), between it and Interstate 93 to the west,</p><br>
<p>Garfield Ridge, between it and USA Route 3 to the north, and</p><br>
<p>the Twin Range and Willey Range, between it and USA Route 302 to the east.</p><br>
<p>Probably for these reasons, it receives (as does Mount Isolation) a disproportionately frequent role as the last 4000-footer waiting to be climbed by those about to complete the list of 48.</p><br>
<p>In the fall of 2005, it was discovered that the traditional summit of Owl&#39;s Head (reached by the unmaintained beaten path) is actually a lower peak, and the true summit is approximately 0.2 mi north along the ridgeline. For now, the 4,000-footer committee is accepting climbs to the false summit.</p><br>
<p>Mount Constitution is a mountain on Orcas Island, the highest point in the San Juan Islands and the second highest mountain on an ocean island in the contiguous 48 states. Only Devils Peak in the Channel Islands of California is higher. A stone observation tower patterned after a medieval watch tower stands at the summit. It was designed by architect Ellsworth Storey and built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1936. The tower offers panoramic views of the surrounding islands, the Cascade Mountains, and many Canadian and American cities. On a clear day, the view encompasses locations as diverse as Mount Baker, Mount Rainier, Saturna Island, and the cities of Vancouver, and Victoria, British Columbia. Mount Constitution lies within the 5,000 acre Moran State Park.</p><br>
<p>The prominence was named by Charles Wilkes during the Wilkes Expedition of 1838-1842 for the.</p><br>
<p>Riverside, The Farnsley–Moremen Landing is a historic 300 acre farm and house in south end Louisville, Kentucky, along the banks of the Ohio River. The house, a red brick I-house with a two-story Greek Revival portico, was built by Gabriel Farnsley.</p><br>
<p>Farnsley died in 1849 without a will, and after a dozen years of legal wrangling over his estate, the ownership of the house transferred to the Moremen family in 1862. Alanson and Rachel Stith Moremen increased the size of the farm to 1,500 acre, making it into one of the largest farms in Jefferson County before it was divided up amongst heirs in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>From around 1820 to 1890, the property served as a river transportation hub. A riverboat landing on the property allowed people traveling by river to stop to trade goods, pick up boiler wood for fuel, or rest. The Moremen family nicknamed the landing "Soap Landing", as they sold lye soap and other household and agricultural products there. In addition, a ferry carried people and goods back and forth between the landing and Indiana.</p><br>
<p>Like many other structures along the Ohio River, the house was damaged by the Ohio River flood of 1937. The house was left unrepaired for decades.</p><br>
<p>The Moremen family held on to the property until 1988, when they sold it to Jefferson County Fiscal Court for purposes of restoration and preservation. On October 10, 1993, the restored house was debuted to the public.</p><br>
<p>A visitors center situated on the property houses an auditorium, museum exhibits and a store.</p><br>
<h2>History of residents</h2><br>
<h3>10,000 B.C. – 1700 A.D. Prehistoric Native Americans: The first settlers of Riverside</h3><br>
<p>Native American hunters and gathers lived in the Ohio Valley as early as 10,000 B.C. Some of these people may have camped or hunted near what is today Riverside. About 6,000 B.C., groups of hunters and gathers established base camps. They began to take advantage of the abundant resources of the river valley such as mussels, fish, plants and larger animals in the area.</p><br>
<p>Around 1,000 to 500 A.D., these prehistoric Native American groups had become more sedentary and began to establish longer term camps. They began some agriculture in the area as a result of relying more heavily on cultivated plants and maize, in particular. This period was the introduction of pottery, the bow and arrow and larger emphasis on ritual activities.</p><br>
<p>Evidence found by archaeologist include stone tools, pottery, fire pits, storage pits, and postholes from houses. Archaeologist identified a prehistoric cemetery on the property. Which shows that people continually lived and died on the property for thousands of years.</p><br>
<p>Some of these Native American groups made contact with the first European explorers and settlers to conduct trade. By the early-nineteenth century, native peoples had all but disappeared from what is now Kentucky.</p><br>
<h3>1822–1826 First European Settler: Ebenezer Christopher</h3><br>
<p>Ebenezer Christopher was the first owner of the property now known as Riverside. In 1822, Christopher purchased 200 acres (0.8 km²) thirteen miles (19 km) southwest of Louisville on the Ohio River for $2,000. He bought the land from absentee owners James D. Breckenridge and Thomas D. Carneal, who were both residents of Dinwiddle County, Virginia. Records indicate Ebenezer, his wife Polly, and their six children were already living on the farm at the time of purchase.</p><br>
<p>A structure does appear on the 1821 Ohio River navigation map, but it is unclear where this structure was in relation to the current historical house. Christopher owned the property for only four years and farmed until his death in 1826. He died in debt and the bank took over ownership of his estate.</p><br>
<h3>1828–1831 Gabriel Farnsley</h3><br>
<p>Soon after the death of Ebenezer Christopher, the 200 acre (0.8 km²) Riverside tract was sold at public auction to Joseph Reed for $1,600. Reed owned the property for only a few months before he sold it to a southwest Jefferson County resident named Gabriel Farnsley and business partner Ebenezer Williams in 1828. In 1831, Farnsley bought out Williams&#39; share to become its sole owner.</p><br>
<h3>c. 1838: Building a brick house</h3><br>
<p>An increase in the amount of taxes paid by Gabriel Farnsley between 1837 and 1839 indicates his impressive brick Kentucky "I" house with Greek Revival portico was constructed around this time. There is solid evidence that Farnsley was involved in the home&#39;s construction, because a brick inscribed with his signature was recovered during the renovation of the structure.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that Farnsley built the house for his bride-to-be as a wedding gift. But, as luck would have it, he was stood up at the altar. He would never marry nor have any offspring.</p><br>
<h3>1849 End of the Farnsley era</h3><br>
<p>Gabriel Farnsley died in June 1849. He had left no will. Most Farnsley property was sold at public auction in early 1850. However, the ultimate settlement of Farnsley&#39;s estate took almost a dozen years. Soon after his death, his siblings, nieces, and nephews became embroiled in litigation over the estate. The complex series of cases involved twenty-one parties.</p><br>
<h3>1860–1862 The Moremen era begins</h3><br>
<p>By 1860, the long running court battle among Farnsley&#39;s heirs was settled and the Moremen family put down roots at this farm site. The property was owned with clear title by a farmer named Megowan in 1858.</p><br>
<p>Alanson and Rachel Moremen moved upriver from Brandenburg, Kentucky bringing seven children to the fine brick house built by Gabriel Farnsley. The Moremens rented their new farm for two years, from Megowan, before they completed the purchase of the house and 200 acre for $15,000 cash in 1862. Their connection to the farm would last for over 125 years.</p><br>
<h3>1870 Riverside farm thrives</h3><br>
<p>Agriculture records from 1870 show Alanson and Rachel Moremen created a thriving and diverse farming venture on the Ohio River. In 1870, Moremen owned 1,000 acre of land. Three hundred acres (1.2 km²) were wooded, while 700 acre were described as improved. His livestock holding included: nine horses, eight mules, seven dairy cows, three oxen, twenty cattle, forty sheep, and 170 swine. Moremen crops and farm products were valued at $19,000 in 1870. Products included winter wheat, rye, corn, oats, barley, potatoes, sweet potatoes, wine, butter, hay, beeswax, and honey.</p><br>
<h3>1886 Second generation: Israel and Nannie Moremen</h3><br>
<p>The farm at Riverside passed into the hands of the second generation of Moremens in 1886. The youngest of Alanson and Rachels children, Israel Putnam Moremen, and his new wife Nannie Storts Moremen, were deeded the house and 200 acres of land. Israel Moremens family continued to farm on the property. They kept chickens and hogs, and ran a dairy. Orchards produced apples and pears. The family cultivated crops of corn, pole beans, alfalfa, soy beans, potatoes, and pasture grasses. Israel, in addition, worked for eight years as the Valley Station Post Master.</p><br>
<h3>1890-1930s Changing relationship to the river</h3><br>
<p>The riverboat landing on the farm apparently remained operational through the first decade of the twentieth century. However, the development of the railroad, streetcar, and automobile turned the focus away from the river. Soon the Moremen family began using the original Grand Entrance as a back door to the house. In spite of this movement away from the river, it remains an important presence in the family. The riverbank was the site for picnics, family gatherings and swimming expeditions.</p><br>
<h3>1937 The great flood</h3><br>
<p>In 1937, the farm experienced the damaging power of the river. After days of rain, Jefferson County saw the worst flooding in recorded history. Widowed Israel was still living in the house with daughter Marjorie Collett and her family at the time. Approximately six feet of muddy Ohio River water entered the house. This was the only time the house was flooded. Fortunately, the family were able to move most of their possessions upstairs.</p><br>
<p>Fregate Island Private is an island in Seychelles. The island is the easternmost of the granitic Inner Islands of the Seychelles  east of Mahé). It is 2.07 square kilometres  and is primarily known for the Oetker Collection’s secluded private luxury resort which funds an environmental programme to restore habitat and protect rare species. The beach on the island, Anse Victorin, was voted "The World&#39;s Best Beach" by The Times. It was named by explorer Lazare Picault after the abundance of frigate birds on the island. A modernisation programme in 2014 improved its sustainability infrastructure with a water bottling plant and state of the art energy generators, and also the renovation of 16 villas.</p><br>
<p>The island is covered with takamaka, cashew and Indian almond trees. After 200 years of intensive agricultural practices during the plantation era (which almost completely cleared the native woodland), the conservation team are restoring the natural habitat and have replanted over 10,000 indigenous trees including the very rare Wrights Gardenia, as well as the Indian Mulberry. The conservation programme has saved the Seychelles magpie robin from extinction; in 1980 the species numbered 14, yet in 2016 they numbered over 120.</p><br>
<p>The beaches are a nesting habitat for two species of sea turtle: the critically endangered Hawksbill Turtle and the endangered Green Turtle. Over 2,200 Aldabra giant tortoises roam free over the island. It also has endemic species including the flightless Fregate Island giant tenebrionid beetle and some species of millipedes.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The highest point on the island is called Mount Signal which reaches a peak of 125 metres (410 feet) in the central west area of the island. The Riviére Bambous flows from approximately 300 metres north-east of the mountain where it flows down past the Gros Bois Noire and Plaine Magnan areas of the northern inner island and then acutely northeast until it reaches the Indian Ocean north of the airstrip on the east coast.</p><br>
<p>Beaches on the north coast include from west to east the award winning Anse Victorin beach, Anse Maquereau and then Anse Bambous on the north-east corner of the island. On the western point of the island there is La Cour and then on the southwest coast the Grand Anse, Petit Grande Anse and the small beach Anse Felix. On the southeastern coast there are the small beaches of Anse Coup de Poing and Anse Parc.</p><br>
<p>Fregate Island Private is renowned for snorkeling and diving. It is near the Drop Off for deep sea fishing and participates in the Seychelles Bill Fish society tag and release programme.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The population is occupied in conservation, tourism, agriculture and fishing. On Fregate Island Private there is the biggest Flora nursery of the Seychelles, created in 2009 to restore tens of thousands of native trees. A sophisticated hydroponic system and garden produces vegetables, fruits and herbs for the island and supplies some neighbouring islands.</p><br>
<p>Sixteen villas were built to attract luxury tourism to fund the conservation project. The island can be privatised for up to 79 guests. There are 2 restaurants, a spa, a yacht club, a library, a Catholic chapel and museum. Transport is by golf buggy, bicycle or foot.</p><br>
<p>Fregate Island Private has its own harbour; anybody wishing to visit the island by boat must produce a rat free license, as the island is entirely pest free which is vital to maintain the fragile environmental balance. The island has a helicopter landing pad and Frégate Island Airport (IATA: FRK, ICAO: FSSF ), which has a dirt runway with a length of 502 meters.</p><br>
<p>D&#39;Arros Island is part of the Amirante Islands group, which are in the Outer Islands  coral archipelago of the Seychelles islands and nation. The island is located west of the granitic Inner Seychelles archipelago, with a distance of 255 km south of Victoria, Seychelles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was discovered in 1770 by European sailors.</p><br>
<p>DArros Island bears the name of the Baron dArros, Marine Commandant at Mauritius, then Île de France, from 1770 to 1771.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, The island became the property of prince Shahram Pahlavi Nia of Iran.</p><br>
<p>in 1998 it was bought by French billionaire Liliane Bettencourt (daughter of founder and main shareholder of L&#39;Oreal) for US$18 million.</p><br>
<p>In August 2012 it was revealed that the island had once more been sold, for US$60 million, to be managed by the Save Our Seas Foundation. They will manage it as a nature reserve. In 2014, it was officially designated a nature reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>D&#39;Arros Island is located only 2.3 km west of the northern part of St. Joseph Atoll, but it is a separate geographical unit, separated by 60 - deep water of a 1 km wide channel, which is deeper than much of the Amirantes Bank.</p><br>
<p>The land area of the island occupies 1.71 km&sup2;. D&#39;Arros Island is an oval-shaped, flat coral sand cay, oriented northeast-southwest, 2 km long and 1 km wide, and nowhere higher than 3 m.</p><br>
<h3>Coral reefs</h3><br>
<p>The island stands on a detached patch coral reef similarly orientated, with maximum dimensions of 2.6 km and 1.4 km. A shallow sand spit extends 0.2 km northeast from it. The island stands on the northern sector of the reef atoll. There are drying reef flats 200 - wide on its south side, but only a narrow fringing reef about 75 m wide on its north side.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to Outer Islands District.</p><br>
<p>Being an island with a small population, there are not any government buildings or services. For many services, people have to go to Victoria, which is a difficult task.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The island has a population of 42. There are several buildings on the island, with one large house used by guests, who rented the island, and a number of smaller, permanently occupied houses for the staff. A small area of the island is cultivated for personal consumption of the residents.</p><br>
<p>The small village is on the north coast. There is a swimming pool, a tennis court, a library and a video rental solution on the island</p><br>
<h2>Flora & Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Much of the island area is covered by vegetation. The tree tops reach heights of 27 m. The vegetation is dominated by the native coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), and introduced horsetail beefwood (Casuarina equisetifolia) trees.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, five Seychelles fody (Foudia sechellarum) birds from Cousin Island were introduced to D&#39;Arros and they have since increased to a population of a few hundred.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The island is bisected by a 975 m unpaved airstrip that bisects the island in the southwest. The island is occasionally serviced by an Island Development Company (IDC) aircraft from Mahé, or flights diverted from nearby Desroches.</p><br>
<h2>Economics</h2><br>
<p>The inhabitants on the island are engaged in very small scale farming and fishing which are mainly for the island consumption.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Wizard Reef  is a coral reef in the Farquhar Group in the Outer Islands of the Seychelles.</p><br>
<p>It has a distance of 670 km southwest of the capital, Victoria, on Mahé Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reef was named after Fairfax Moresby&#39;s ship called the Wizard, who visited the reef in 1822.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The reef is roughly elliptical. It measures 1.7 km east-west and 1.2 km north-south, covering an area of about 1.6 km². The land mass is barely 0.02 km². It is barely above water, as the sea breaks heavily over it. The reef&#39;s islet is in the western half. The location is 41 km north of the northern tip of Providence Atoll.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The reef belongs to Outer Islands District.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The Islet has many Hawksbill Turtles nesting.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Port of Caen, Port de Caen, is the harbour and port authority of the Norman city of Caen, France.</p><br>
<p>The port of Caen is composed of a series of basins on the Canal de Caen à la Mer, linking Caen to Ouistreham, 15 km (9.3 m) downstream, on the English Channel.</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>The port of Caen was originally composed solely of the Bassin Saint-Pierre, in the centre of Caen. Increase in traffic explains the digging up and creation of four more; the Nouveau Bassin (cruises), Bassin de Calix, Bassin de Hérouville (miscellaneous) and Bassin de Blainville (cereals). A new canal, as well as a new concert venue (the Cargö), were built next to the junction between the Canal and the Bassin Saint-Pierre, creating a sharp contrast with the disused warehouses.</p><br>
<p>The Bassin Saint-Pierre is used as a marina and is kept afloat with a height adjustable dam on the River Orne. The Nouveau Bassin, directly east of Saint-Pierre, although it receives cruise ships and ferries in need of berthing or repairs, is not in regular use http://www.caen.port.fr/web/statistiques/site2.php?include=sommaire_stats.php&img=bandeau_statistique_1&img2=bandeau_statistique_2&css3=lsf&css15=lsf.</p><br>
<p>The Viaduc de Calix, a large concrete viaduct, passes over the Orne valley and the canal. It has been built high enough to permit the transit of large tonnage ships. The Bassin de Calix, directly below the viaduct is the only basin in regular use. Several cranes are used to load and unload cargo, mostly wood, onto lorries or trains.</p><br>
<p>Ships transporting cereals use Blainville wharf. Ships are stationed directly against the canal wall and load and unloaded by cranes and cereal silos.</p><br>
<h3>Ouistreham</h3><br>
<p>At the entrance of the canal is the Port of Caen&#39;s cross-channel ferry port.</p><br>
<p>The terminal building is situated in the Western part of the terminal. Two sets of locks, beyond the seaport, keep the canal navigable towards Caen. The lock is composed to two lock basins and a lock keeper&#39;s tower.</p><br>
<p>The entrance to the port is a dredged channel, 8 m deep, below the hydrographic zero and 90 m long. The access channel itself is two nautical miles (4 km) long, on a 184°5 axis, indicated by aligned luminous signalling. The channel, 150 m wide is bordered, to the West and the East by three sea mark buoys.</p><br>
<p>The outer harbour is a 250 m in diameter avoidance zone, permitting ferries to turn around.</p><br>
<p>Ouistreham possesses two ferry berths; Poste T1 and Poste T2.</p><br>
<p>* Poste T1 was built in 1986, it is capable of berthing ships up to 145 m long and 24 m wide. The minimum water depth is 5 m 50 cm at low tide.</p><br>
<p>* Poste T2 was built in 1992, it is capable of berthing ferries up to 165 m long and 26 m wide, on a dock wall 217 m long. Depth is kept at a minimum of 6 m above hydrographic zero.</p><br>
<p>* The tug boat is stationed between posts T1 and T2 in a 38 m long secluded.</p><br>
<p>The terminal itself is divided in two areas, T1 and T2, respectively 15 400 m² and 56 100 m² in area. The terminal&#39;s total area is 100 000 m².</p><br>
<h3>Brittany Ferries</h3><br>
<p>Up to three sailings per day depart Ouistreham. It is the Port of Caen&#39;s English Channel ferry port.</p><br>
<p>In the summer season, the MV Normandie and MV Mont St Michel operate the back-to-back, 6 hour ferry crossing. Ferries depart both Ouistreham and Portsmouth International Port at 08:15 (and arrive at 14:30), 16:30 (and arrive at 21:15) and 22:00 (and arrive the next morning).</p><br>
<p>This schedule begins in May and is carried through until October, when ferries start to go in for refits; hence they are deployed on different routes.</p><br>
<h2>Pleasure boating</h2><br>
<p>The traffic has decreased during the last twenty years. The port of Caen has however been used to accommodate several racing yachts such as the Kingfisher (2nd- Vendée Globe 2001, sailed by Ellen MacArthur, and 1st Route du Rhum 2002) and Gartmore (9th- Vendée Globe 2001). As well as racing ships, the port of Caen is the regular port-of-call for sailing ships, the Belem and the HMY Britannia.</p><br>
<h2>Statistics</h2><br>
<p>The Port of Caen has, during July 2006, transported 317 274 tons of cargo and 133 959 passengers (32 538 cars and 9 483 lorries).</p><br>
<p>Between 2004 and 2006, the Port of Caen has transported (in tons per year)http://www.caen.port.fr/web/statistiques/marchandise2.php?include=sommaire_stats.php&img=bandeau_statistique_1&img2=bandeau_statistique_2&css3=lsf&css14=lsf:</p><br>
<p>Lamaload Reservoir is a reservoir near Rainow, Cheshire, England. It lies in the South West Peak within the Peak District National Park, to the west of the Goyt Valley, and is fed by the River Dean. It serves Macclesfield, which lies to its west. The reservoir and associated water treatment works are owned by United Utilities.</p><br>
<p>Built between 1958 and 1964 by Costain Construction Company, Lamaload was the first concrete reservoir in England. At 308 metres above sea level, the dam is of a round-headed buttress type construction and can contain 420,000,000 imperial gallons (1,910,000 m³) of water forming the reservoir. The public car park was built on the location of the pre-existing Lamaload Farm buildings, some of which are now used to house the public amenities at the site.</p><br>
<p>Among the most popular locations for tourists in the South West Peak, Lamaload is used for fishing and birdwatching, and also forms an important access point for walkers to the surrounding moorland. Shining Tor, the highest point in Cheshire, and Windgather Rocks, lie within a few miles. The reservoir is surrounded by moorland, broad-leaved woodland and plantations of larch and pine. Facilities include a car park (not open all year) and picnic tables.</p><br>
<p>Dale Dike Reservoir or Dale Dyke Reservoir is a reservoir in the north-east Peak District, in the City of Sheffield South Yorkshire, England, a mile  west of Bradfield and eight miles  from the centre of Sheffield, on the Dale Dike, a tributary of the River Loxley.</p><br>
<p>Along with three other reservoirs around the village of Bradfield — Agden, Damflask and Strines — it was constructed between 1859 and 1864 by the Sheffield Waterworks Company to guarantee a supply of water to power the mills downstream and to supply drinking water to the growing population of Sheffield. The architect was John Gunson.</p><br>
<h2>Great Sheffield Flood</h2><br>
<p>In 1864 the newly built dam failed, causing the Great Sheffield Flood, which caused massive damage downstream along the Loxley and Don and through the centre of Sheffield. There were 244 fatalities.</p><br>
<h2>The new dam</h2><br>
<p>The dam was rebuilt in 1875 and is still in use, holding 446 e6impgal of water, now used exclusively for domestic purposes. It is owned by Yorkshire Water, part of the Kelda Group.</p><br>
<p>Nemo Peak  is a stratovolcano located at the northern end of Onekotan Island, Kuril Islands, Russia. It is truncated by two nested calderas, with the cone of Nemo Peak itself rising in the southwest end of the youngest caldera and a crater lake partially filling the northeast part, named Ozero Chernoye.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Nemo Peak lies on Onekotan Island, in the Kuril Islands. Nemo Peak lies on the northern end of the island; the southern end is occupied by Tao-Rusyr Caldera. These two volcanoes together have erupted about 120 - of tephra, covering the entire seafloor of the Sea of Okhotsk.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Nemo Peak has formed several calderas. Two older ones reach diameters of 11 km and overlap each other, with an average elevation of the floor of 50 -. The Sovetskii ridge limits these calderas to the east. A pre-Nemo volcano is known as Mednyi. Glacial erosion has affected the older volcanic centres. Ignimbrites fill these calderas.</p><br>
<p>Within this caldera lies a stratovolcano with a smaller 5 km wide caldera; Nemo Peak proper is located within this smaller caldera. This forms a somma volcano. In the north-northeastern part of this caldera, Black Lake can be found, also known as Chernoe. The caldera opens towards the Sea of Okhotsk.</p><br>
<p>Evidence indicates that Nemo Peak proper contains a southwestern crater filled with the present-day cone and crater, which is in turn filled by a lava dome. A smaller cone on the northwestern side of Nemo Peak was destroyed by an explosion. Lava flows extend down from the summit area of Nemo Peak and are covered with scoria.</p><br>
<p>The complex is surrounded by older rocks, some of Tertiary age. To the south the complex borders the old Tao-Rusyr and Shestakov volcanic rocks. Another volcano named Asyrmintar is found on the northeastern margin of the two older calderas; Asyrmintar is an eroded remnant.</p><br>
<h2>Petrology</h2><br>
<p>Nemo is an andesitic volcano. Basaltic andesite and dacite have been found as well.</p><br>
<p>Augite, hypersthene, labradorite, olivine and pyroxene are minerals found in Nemo lavas.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>Nemo Peak is one of the most active volcanoes in the Kurils and has been the site of catastrophic eruptions for 300,000 years, going back to the Pleistocene. Such large eruptions released large amounts of pyroclastics. Old eruptions occurred 199,000 - 200,000 years ago. Detailed eruption histories however are poorly established.</p><br>
<p>The older Nemo calderas appear to predate the last glaciation, while the younger one is post-glacial in age. Nemo I formed 40,000 - 45,000 years ago and Nemo III 25,000 - 24,500 or 26,000 years ago; a radiocarbon date of 24,500 ± 740 years ago has been obtained on it. Nemo Peak proper formed about 9,050 ± 100 or 9,130 ± 140 radiocarbon years ago.</p><br>
<p>Holocene volcanic activity includes the emission of tephra and lava flows with eruptions every 1,400 - 1,200 years since 3,800 years before present. The growth of a lava dome over the last 600 years was accompanied by phreatic activity. Tephrochronology suggests the occurrence of eruptions 1,350, 750 AD, 550 ± 100 BC, 1,850 BC, 3,050 BC, 5,550 BC, 7,050 BC and 7,550 BC.</p><br>
<p>Nemo Peak is a dormant volcano. It was the site of volcanic unrest in the 1700s, 1938 and 1906. This last eruption may be associated with the formation of a lava dome. The summit area features solfataric activity, which occurs on a bench in the summit lava dome. Future volcanic activity involving medium-sized or large eruptions is possible; tephra would be propagated east-northeast.</p><br>
<h3>Tephras</h3><br>
<p>Nemo Peak appears to be the source of several tephra layers found in the Sea of Okhotsk named K2 and K3. These tephras extend up to 800 km&sup2; away from Onekotan Island but their locations do not overlap: K2 tephras extend northwestward away from Onekotan and pyroxenes crystallized under different conditions. The volume of the K2 tephra has been estimated at around 9 km3. This tephra is of rhyolitic composition.</p><br>
<p>It is not clear if they come from different phaes of the same eruption or different ones, but they certainly are different tephras given their different distribution. Potentially, K3 was formed by the caldera-forming eruption of Nemo II and K2 by eruptions of Nemo III. An alternative proposal attributes K3 to the Nemo I caldera.</p><br>
<p>Tao-Rusyr Caldera  is a stratovolcano located at the southern end of Onekotan Island, Kuril Islands, Russia. It has 7.5 km wide caldera formed during a catastrophic eruption less than 10,000 years ago . The waters of Kal&#39;tsevoe Lake fill the caldera, along with a large symmetrical andesitic cone, Krenitsyn Peak, that rises as an island within the lake. This volcano was named after Captain Pyotr Krenitsyn of the Imperial Russian Navy.</p><br>
<p>The most recent eruption, in 1952, formed a small lava dome on the island&#39;s coast. Krenitsyn Peak has a summit crater 350 m wide and is the highest point of the volcano and on the entire Onekotan Island. Another caldera, Nemo Peak, lies at the northern end of the island, and it also contains a central cone and crater lake.</p><br>
<p>The caldera forming eruption yielded about 50 - of material and destroyed the upper parts of the pre-existing volcano. The event has been potentially identified in the GISP2 ice core.</p><br>
<p>The caldera forming eruption wiped out vegetation on southern Onekotan, and it took a long time for it to recover. Only one historical eruption occurred at Tao-Rusyr, just after the 1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake.</p><br>
<p>The Dog Team Tavern was a restaurant located on Dog Team Road, off USA Route 7, roughly four miles north of the town of Middlebury, Vermont in Addison County. It was located geographically in the Champlain Valley of the Green Mountains, the Vermont part of the Appalachian Mountain range. The restaurant burned down in early September 2006, destroying artifacts of the Sir Wilfred Grenfell Mission and Labrador handicrafts.</p><br>
<p>The rustic restaurant was a local landmark known for its sizable portions (most notably the prime rib) and the "relish wheel," which typically contained corn relish, apple butter, horseradish cottage cheese, beets, and sauerkraut. Also, the restaurants famous sticky buns were always served at the beginning of each meal. The restaurant was very popular among students from the nearby Middlebury College, who often flocked there with family during the colleges fall family weekends. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, and delisted in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Dog Team Tavern was originally constructed in the 1920s by Sir Wilfred and Lady Anne Grenfell. The building was originally a mission house that was started by Grenfell and his wife in 1931. The Dog Team Tavern was opened in 1936 as a tea house and outlet for handicrafts from Newfoundland and Labrador. Earlier in 1931, Sir Wilfred and Lady Anne retired to Charlotte, Vermont, where they built Kenloch House. In 1934, the couple opened a Dog Team Tea House in Ferrisburg, Vermont, and about that time they opened houses in Oxford and Guilford, Connecticut. When Eben and Catherine Joy purchased the Dog Team Tavern from the International Grenfell Association (of New York City) in 1946 they opened it as a restaurant, adding a bar/tavern later when they were able to obtain a license in "dry" New Haven.</p><br>
<p>Eben Joy, and his second wife, Eileen, sold the Dog Team Tavern to Andrew Golbert of Burlington, Vermont (now of Essex Junction), in 1978. Andrew Golbert sold the DTT to Chris Hesslink and Robert Mahoney in 1987, with Mahoney leaving the business circa 1996/97, when Hesslink reorganized and continued the business until it burned on September 1, 2006. Hesslink&#39;s body was recovered from the fire.</p><br>
<p>The Dog Team has catered to celebrities such as Eleanor Roosevelt, Robert Frost, Charles Lawton, Neil Diamond, Michael Eisner and more. Originally, the staff lived upstairs as the restaurant was only open in the summers. Later, it was open all year. There was a small building next door which of late has been used as a gift shop; but in previous times it was known as The Dog Team Playhouse, and several shows were put on there.</p><br>
<p>The tavern was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, and it appears to be still listed on the Register, despite the fire.</p><br>
<p>Among the treasures lost in the 2006 fire were a Grenfell overcoat donated by Arlene LaFave, a Grenfell snowsuit for a child, a huge collection of old political buttons, a beautiful Victorian period dollhouse, an old handpainted sign for orange soda, the hide of a wallaby and the head of a bear, two Grenfell throw pillows with the face of a husky embroidered on each one, original posters and articles detailing Sir Grenfell&#39;s work and lectures, two oil paintings by different artists of the restaurant, one painting of Sir Wilfred Grenfell, a marble statue of snow drifts with a little dogsled and dogs and at least a dozen unique Grenfell silk mats.</p><br>
<h2>Customer service</h2><br>
<p>The Dog Team had an unusual system of serving. Upon arriving at the restaurant, the menu was presented on a board just inside the entrance way. Customers gave their names and orders at that time, and went inside the building to wait. Waiting times of an hour or more were not uncommon during busy times.</p><br>
<p>Customers could wait within the front parlor, where old overstuffed couches were provided along with old copies of such magazines as Life and Saturday Review, or they could go through the serving area to the bar and wait there while enjoying horseradish cottage cheese dip with ridged potato chips. There was also an outside porch and in earlier years a gazebo and tables set up in the back by the rushing New Haven River. Benches out front read "Vermont Democrats" and "Vermont Republicans".</p><br>
<p>Much has been made about their relish wheel and sticky buns (which were strictly rationed, although often purchased to take home), but they also served little loaves of homemade bread and a fresh salad featuring a choice of three of their own dressings (including an "Alsatian" French). This did not include the appetizer (typically a glass of juice or soup du jour) which customers ordered when they came in. First-time customers were usually full before the entrees even arrived. Food was served family style, with mashed potatoes and the vegetable du jour. There was also a dessert menu.</p><br>
<p>Félicité Island is a small heavy forested granitic island 4 km east of La Digue in the Seychelles. It is the fifth largest island in the Seychelles archipelago, measuring 2.68 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Up until the 1970s it was a coconut plantation that had a population of about 50. In the late 19th century, Félicité was home to Sultan Abdullah of Perak, who was exiled here by the British.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the Seychelles government granted a 99-year lease for the then-uninhabited island, which was taken over by Singaporean real estate developer Kishore Buxani in 2013. Buxani and Mukesh Valabhji, a Seychellois developer, started the construction of a resort in mid-2013. Today, the Six Senses Zil Pasyon resort, with 30 villas and a spa, covers a third of the island.</p><br>
<p>Félicité and four granitic neighboring islands are considered "satellite islands" of La Digue. These four islands are routinely visited by tourists:</p><br>
<p>Ile Cocos: a tiny islet (.017 km²) off the north coast of Félicité which has been part of a marine park since 1996.</p><br>
<p>Les Soeurs (The Sisters): which consists of Grande Soeur at 0.84 km&sup2; and Petite Soeur at 0.34 km&sup2;. For much of the 20th century they were coconut plantations.</p><br>
<p>Marianne Island: An island of 238 acre east of Félicité. The southern tip of Marianne is considered a "world class" diving location.</p><br>
<p>Félicité.jpgFélicité.</p><br>
<p>Felicite_saar.pngMap.</p><br>
<p>North Island is a small granitic island  in the Seychelles.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is one of the Seychelles&#39; 42 inner islands. It is 5.8 km (3.6 miles) north of Silhouette Island, and 27 km north west of Mahé. The island has four beaches; East Beach, West Beach (or Grande Anse), Honeymoon Cove, and Dive Beach. The highest point of the island is 180 m. The perimeter measures in at 7.55 km, and the area is 2.01 km²</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>North Island was the first Seychelles island to record a landing by seafarers. An expedition in 1609 by Captain Sharpeigh and the crew of the English East India Company vessel Ascension reported that the island had a large population of giant land tortoises.</p><br>
<p>From 1826 until the 1970s, North Island was owned by the Beaufond family from Réunion. During this time, the island had a plantation for growing fruits and spices, as well as producing guano, fish oil and copra. After the plantation was sold in the 1970s, the island fell into disuse, and was taken over by feral animals and alien species of weeds.</p><br>
<p>In 1981, North Island was given to Marius Maier by his father. He intended to return the island to its former pristine state before human settlers arrived, including the removal of many unwanted animal and plant species, including pigs, rats, coconuts, casuarina, cows, Indian mynah birds, cats and a very intrusive weed called latana.</p><br>
<p>He re-introduced the Seychelles&#39; natural flora & fauna, including giant tortoises, certain birds, and trees such as takamaka, badamier and the famous coco-de-mer palm.</p><br>
<p>in 1982, Marius Maier and the villagers have established a turtle nest monitoring center.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, North Island was purchased for US$5 million by Wilderness Holdings Limited, an ecotourism company from South Africa.</p><br>
<p>They have opened a private resort in 2003, aiming at the eco-tourism market, with 11 private villas. The resort has developed the island and increased its population.</p><br>
<p>In May 2011, it was the site for the royal honeymoon of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge.</p><br>
<h2>Politics</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of La Digue and Inner Islands district, it was part of Silhouette district until it was dissolved in 1977 following the decline in copra production on this group of islands.</p><br>
<h2>Economics</h2><br>
<p>Most of the population are employed in the tourism business.</p><br>
<p>Accommodations reserved for the permanent staff are located near the island&#39;s center.</p><br>
<h3>Facilities</h3><br>
<p>The buildings of the island are either renovated coral buildings or were built from the removal of the unwanted trees on the island, during Marius Maier plan. The resort has 10 standard villas, and a special excluded (Villa North).</p><br>
<p>A gym is in the village, a huge spa, library, restaurant.</p><br>
<p>The resort also features a boutique, a dive center, a main pool, and a bar.</p><br>
<h3>Tourism</h3><br>
<p>The island has many activities. mountain biking, scuba diving, kayaking and deep sea fishing.</p><br>
<p>The resort offers a unique dining concept: the chef discusses guests&#39; likes and dislikes upon arrival and bases available ingredients on this information. All food on North Island is either grown in the organic vegetable gardens, reared on the island, or caught fresh from the sea.</p><br>
<p>The Womans Club of Starke is a historic womans club in Starke, Florida, located at 201 North Walnut Street. On April 18, 1997, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Description: The Woman’s Club of Starke, formerly known as the Mother’s Club, was founded in the late 19th century and held its meetings in the Bradford County High School. Their purpose was to assist the Bradford County High School. Only mothers were accepted as active members with teachers as honorary members. One of their earliest projects was furnishing a room in the school or a library and a study for the principal. They also provided students with books and clothing and hired a janitor to do maintenance. In 1913, the Mother’s Club reorganized and changed its name to the Woman’s Club of Starke. One year later, after the school moved to a different site, the Woman’s Club began using the school building as its headquarters. In 1917, with the approach of World War I, the building was turned over to the Red Cross. Club women made hospital blankets, Christmas kits for troops and shipped clothing to allies. In 1921, the Board of Education gave the school building to the Woman’s Club, at which time it was remodeled. Some of the lumber from the original structure was used in the new construction. The new craftsman/bungalow building opened on November 3, 1922. Projects undertaken in the 1920s by the Woman’s Club included a drive to remove cows from the streets, development of a city park and municipal suffrage. The Bradford County Library used portions of the building and in 1936 was the first county library in Florida allowed to borrow books from the State Library in Tallahassee. Throughout World War II, the United Service Organization (USO) used the building as a clubhouse where the Army YMCA entertained soldiers who were stationed at nearby Camp Blanding. Opening in April 1941 they provided minstrels, radio programs, quiz games, card games, dances and vaudeville shows for the soldiers. Throughout its history, the Clubhouse has continued to serve as the community’s primary facility for social and cultural events. On April 18, 1997, the Clubhouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and continues to serve as the Woman’s Club of Starke headquarters.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hosmer is a mountain in the Rockies in British Columbia, Canada. It shares its name with the adjacent community of Hosmer, but its best-known elevation, a series of south-facing cliffs, can be seen from further down the Elk Valley in Fernie. The mountain is an upside down mountain, where the oldest part of the rock formation is near the top and the youngest is at the bottom.</p><br>
<h2>Ghost Rider</h2><br>
<p>Ghost Rider is a shadow, particularly visible during summer evenings, cast on the central southern-facing cliff face of Mount Hosmer. It closely resembles a figure on horseback followed by a second figure on foot. It has become incorporated into local folk legend and become symbolic of the community of Fernie. The Fernie Ghostriders hockey team takes its name from this shadow. Neil Peart&#39;s autobiography, Ghost Rider, also owes its title to the shadow, seen by Peart on his cross-country motorcycle journey detailed in the memoir (attributed by Peart to Three Sisters), although the title is also a play on Peart himself.</p><br>
<p>The Wholesale District is one of six designated cultural districts in Indianapolis, Indiana. Located on the southern fringe of Downtown Indianapolis, the Wholesale District contains many of Indianapolis&#39;s premier attractions, such as Lucas Oil Stadium and Bankers Life Fieldhouse.</p><br>
<p>Prior to its designation as a cultural district, the Wholesale District was one of Downtown Indianapolis&#39;s most decayed and blighted areas. Around the turn of the 20th century Indianapolis had one of the largest networks of railroads in the USA and hundreds of trains passed through Union Station daily, the streets local to the station were lined with businesses, hotels, warehouses, retail shops and more. Wholesale grocers sold fresh goods daily before the advent of the modern grocery store. The district had many such grocers, but also wholesalers who sold dry and finished goods. The House of Crane, whose facade remains part of Circle Centre, sold cigars; Hanson, VanCamp & Co. sold hardware. In addition, South Delaware Street became known as Commission Row, where farmers brought their produce to merchants who sold the goods for a commission fee. The Wholesale District was of primary importance in the transformation of Indianapolis from small town to big city. No longer did shoppers have to rely on retailers who sold finished goods shipped from Louisville or Cincinnati. They could now go to a central location and buy the same items at wholesale prices. With Union Station nearby, wholesalers could ship goods more cheaply and more easily. Unfortunately, the Great Depression devastated the area and few businesses remained.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, primarily for its notability as the former center for wholesale trade.</p><br>
<p>Since 1995, more than $686 million has been invested in the area, transforming it into one of the city&#39;s premier arts and entertainment districts. Recent additions include more than 35 new businesses, Circle Centre, Bankers Life Fieldhouse, The Residences at CityWay, restoration of the Omni Severin Hotel, and a number of upscale restaurants. The area also includes the Hilbert Circle Theatre, home of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, which underwent a $2.5 million renovation in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Indiana Avenue is a historic area in downtown and is one of six designated cultural districts in Indianapolis, Indiana. Indiana Avenue was, during its glory days, an African American cultural center of the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1870, 974 African Americans (one third of the city&#39;s African American population) called Indiana Avenue home. This represented a shift in racial demographics away from the mostly working class poor population of Irish and German immigrants that lived around Indiana Avenue during the early years of Indianapolis. As the African American population increased, black entrepreneurs opened businesses on practically every corner. Bethel AME (African Methodist Episcopal) Church, the oldest African American congregation in Indianapolis, was organized in 1836. African American owned businesses opened on the Avenue by at least by 1865, including a grocery store owned by Samuel G. Smothers and a "peddler shop" owned by William Franklin. The Indianapolis Leader, the first black owned newspaper in Indianapolis, catered to the interests of the growing African American population and featured advertisements for Indiana Avenue businesses.The Indianapolis Leader began publishing in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The avenue continued to culturally develop, in much the same way as the Harlem Renaissance. In fact, due to the nature of segregation and Jim Crow laws, several streets developed similarly including Beale Street in Memphis and 12th and Vine in Kansas City according to the book, Indiana Avenue: Black Entertainment Boulevard by C. Nickerson Bolden. Like Indiana Avenue, these streets were called Black Entertainment Bouelvards, or stops along the Chitlin&#39; circuit because of the large concentration of black-oriented clubs, businesses and entertainment venues.</p><br>
<p>Many prominent historical figures have their roots on Indiana Avenue: Madam C.J. Walker, jazz greats including Freddie Hubbard, Jimmy Coe, Noble Sissle, Erroll "Groundhog" Grandy and Wes Montgomery. Mary Ellen Cable was one of the most important African American educators in Indianapolis. Coupled with her great work as an educator, she organized and served as the first president of Indiana&#39;s NAACP chapter.</p><br>
<h2>Madame Walker Theatre</h2><br>
<p>Madame Walker&#39;s daughter helped build the Madame Walker Theatre, which opened on the Avenue in 1927 and quickly became known as the "Crown Jewel of the Avenue".</p><br>
<h2>The decline of the Avenue</h2><br>
<p>As segregation laws began to change in the late 1950s, the African American middle class began leaving the once bustling Indiana Avenue corridor for greater opportunities in northwestern Marion County, settling in Pike and Washington Townships. By 1965, the plight of the community left the Madame Walker Building closed to abandonment, removing a vital economic anchor for the area. The Walker Manufacturing Company remained in the ailing Building. By the early 1970s, Indiana Avenue was suffering from severe urban blight.</p><br>
<p>By the 1980s, instead of the city attempting renewal or regeneration, much of the area was merely demolished and replaced by office buildings or townhouses, although the historic Madame Walker Building was restored and reopened to the public in 1988 with a focus on the performing arts. While no longer a blighted zone, Indiana Avenue&#39;s legacy now consists of a few historic buildings and a plaque. Through the financial support of the Indianapolis Cultural Development Commission, formed by Mayor Bart Peterson in 2002, community stakeholders are planning the regeneration of the area. The mayor recently announced an effort to restore the Indiana Avenue name to portions of the avenue that have been changed over the years.</p><br>
<p>On March 28, 2007, the name of Indiana Avenue north of 10th Street and south of 16th Street was restored, after having been called Stadium Drive since 1932.</p><br>
<p>The S.S.S.  Lotus is a historic gaff rigged schooner located at Sodus Point in Wayne County, New York and is operated and maintained by Sea Scout Ship 303 of Webster, New York.</p><br>
<h2>History of Lotus</h2><br>
<p>The keel on Lotus was laid down in 1917 and the boat was completed in 1918, in Rocky River, Ohio. Designed by the naval architect William Hand Jr. in 1916, and christened with the name of Miss Gloucester, she was designed as a pleasure yacht for sailing on the Great Lakes.</p><br>
<p>As Miss Gloucester, she was commissioned by Thomas B. Van Dorn, to be the Van Dorn family yacht. The Van Dorn family sailed her on Lake Erie and perhaps Lake Huron.</p><br>
<p>In 1922, the ship was sold to Stephen Estes Comstock of Newark, NY. He moved the ship to Sodus Bay, on Lake Ontario, and renamed her Lotus, after the wild water lilies that grew in the bay.</p><br>
<p>Lotus was sold again in 1938, to Dick Todd and Ken Cooley. They renamed her again, this time to Dickens, a combination of their first names.</p><br>
<p>In 1943, Ezra Hale and his partners bought the ship and changed her name back to Lotus. Ezra Hale and John Trahey donated Lotus to the Otetiana Council of the Boy Scouts of America in 1971, specifying that Sea Explorer Ship (now Sea Scout Ship) 303 be the ones to use it. The Sea Explorer Ship 303 had begun in 1965, and used a variety of power cruisers before the Lotus was donated.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately, it was difficult to keep up with the required maintenance and by 1991 Lotus needed serious restoration. With the support of sponsors the Webster Kiwanis, the money was raised for a restoration, soliciting donations from individuals and corporations. A matching funds grant was also received from New York state, which brought the total amount of money raised to $150,000.</p><br>
<p>Lotus was trucked to Rivendell Marine, in Rhode Island, in 1991. The refit was complete in 1993, and should see Lotus well into her 100th year.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>Lotus is sailed each summer by members of Sea Scout Ship 303 around all of Lake Ontario. Lotus visits many harbor festivals, and reenactments each year including Alexandria Bay Pirate Week, Oswego Harborfest, and reenactments in Sacketts Harbor.</p><br>
<p>Lotus has also participated several times in Operation Sail.</p><br>
<h2>Specifications</h2><br>
<h3>Dimensions</h3><br>
<p>Length: 48 ft on deck, 60 ft from the tip of the bowsprit to the end of the main boom</p><br>
<p>Beam: 12 ft, 3 inches</p><br>
<p>Draft: 4 ft, 9 inches</p><br>
<p>Weight: 16 tons (approximate)</p><br>
<p>Total Sail Area: 950 ft&sup2</p><br>
<h3>Engine</h3><br>
<p>Yanmar 88 hp four cylinder, turbo-charged diesel with sealed heat exchange</p><br>
<h3>Materials</h3><br>
<p>Masts: Sitka Spruce</p><br>
<p>Frames: Oak</p><br>
<p>Original Hull Planking: Long-leaf Yellow Pine</p><br>
<p>Replacement Hull Planking: Mahogany</p><br>
<p>Main Deck: Vertical-grain Douglas Fir</p><br>
<p>Cockpit Deck: Long-leaf Yellow Pine</p><br>
<p>Original Cabin tops: Canvas</p><br>
<p>Lake Helena is a body of water along Prickly Pear Creek in the Helena Valley of Lewis and Clark County in southwestern Montana. It is 2,073 acre in size and is 3,647 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Completion of Hauser Dam on the Missouri River in 1907 created Hauser Lake. In addition, it created an arm of the lake, flooding 8 mi of Prickly Pear Creek and surrounding wetlands to form Lake Helena.</p><br>
<p>In 1945, a causeway was built to separate the lake from the flooded canyon portion of the old Prickly Pear Creek. The causeway replaced a 1904 combination steel and wood bridge. The steel span was 120 long, and the overall length of the bridge was 520. The concrete piers of the steel bridge, which was sold for scrap and dismantled in 1952, can still be seen just north of the causeway.</p><br>
<p>Water from Tenmile Creek, Prickly Pear Creek, Silver Creek, and the Helena Valley Irrigation Project flows into the west end of the lake. Lake Helena supported a commercial carp fishery for decades. The marshy west end of the lake is now a popular birding location.Montana Place Names from Alzada to Zortman, p. 146</p><br>
